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Proceedings of the

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT of SCIENCE PACIFIC DIVISION Volume 30, Part I

12 June 2011

92nd ANNUAL MEETING including the

7th World Congress on Mummy Studies

PROGRAM with ABSTRACTS

University of San Diego San Diego, California 12 – 16 June 2011

PROCEEDINGS of the

Annual Meeting of the

AAAS, PACIFIC DIVISION Volume 30, Part I

12 June 2011

PROGRAM with ABSTRACTS 92nd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science including the

7th World Congress on Mummy Studies University of San Diego San Diego, California 12 – 16 June 2011

Contents accurate as of 23 May 2011. Times and/or locations of events may change. Please refer to the “Changes” flyer for updated information.

CONTENTS 92nd ANNUAL MEETING of the AAAS, PACIFIC DIVISION

PROGRAM with ABSTRACTS

GENERAL INFORMATION

Policies..................................................................................... 4 Governance.............................................................................. 5 Greeting from Dr. Alissa Arp, President, AAAS Pacific Division...................................................... 6 Sections Sponsoring Sessions at the Annual Meeting............. 7 University of San Diego and San Diego.................................. 9 Registration............................................................................ 11 Campus Housing...................................................................... 9 Local Hotels and Motels........................................................ 10 Travel to the Meeting............................................................. 10 On-campus Parking................................................................ 11 Registration Center................................................................ 11 Messages................................................................................ 13 Breaks.................................................................................... 13 Meeting Rooms, Computers, and PowerPoint Presentations.......................................... 12 Student Presentation Award Competition.............................. 12 Special Events and Public Lectures....................................... 12 Field Trips.............................................................................. 14 Workshops.............................................................................. 16 Program at a Glance............................................................... 19

TECHNICAL SESSIONS I. Symposia

Sunday, 12 June

WCMS

Applied Ethics of Mummy Research......................................... 26

Monday, 13 June

The Forensic Science of Clinical Mental Health Counseling: The Theresa Lewis Case.............................. 23 7th Annual Symposium on Advances in Materials Science and Nanotechnology........................................... 23 Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part I..... 24 Don’t Sign Your Life Away: Author’s Rights, Scientific Publishing, Digital Repositories, and the Case for Open Access.......................................... 24 Panama Canal Expansion....................................................... 25 New Humanities and Science Convergences: New Languages for New Realities: Literature, Poetry, and Hypertext....................................................... 26 Tuesday, 14 June

Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified Remains: From Icono-graphical Sources to Modern Day Techniques........................................................................ 27 Geophysical Turbulence........................................................ 27 Antarctic Ice Is Nice.............................................................. 28 Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part II........ 29 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part I........................................................ 30 WCMS Technical Studies on the Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy.................................................................. 30 Music and the Sciences: Synergies Among Musical Arts, Math, Science, and Engineering.............................. 31 Science Education and Civic Engagement............................ 32 WCMS Human Experimental Mummification................................... 32 Fragile X Syndrome: Advances In Our Understanding of a Common Cause of Retardation and Autism.............. 33 WCMS Mummy Research in the Electronic Age............................... 34 WCMS aDNA and Associated Biomolecules..................................... 34 WCMS

GENERAL SESSIONS

Opening Greetings, 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies........................... 19 Sunday Poetry Reading.......................................................... 19 Sunday Evening Plenary Lecture........................................... 19 Sunday Evening Reception.................................................... 24 Monday Noon Public Lecture................................................ 19 Monday Evening Plenary Lecture......................................... 19 Monday Evening Reception................................................... 19 Tuesday Noon Public Lecture................................................ 20 Annual Banquet, including the Announcement of Student Awards and the Pacific Division Presidential Lecture.......................................................... 20 Business Meeting of the Council of the Pacific Division...... 20 Wednesday Noon Public Lecture........................................... 20 Museum of Man Field Trip and Reception............................ 20

WCMS

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Denotes a program of the 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies

NOTES

Wednesday, 15 June

Princess Takabuti – Analysis, Interpretation, and Visualization.............................................................. 35 United States and World Fairs............................................... 35 Pathways to Science: Promoting Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom...................................... 36 WCMS Facial Analysis and Depiction of Preserved Remains........... 37 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part II............................................................. 37 WCMS The Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the Tiwanaku Culture from Moquegua, Perú......................... 38 Osteoimmunology: Fundamental, Clinical and Translational Implications in Temporomandibular Disorders.......................................................................... 38 WCMS State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research................... 39 WCMS

The Changing Role of the Research University in K–12 Science Education.................................................. 40 Thursday, 16 June Mexican Mummy Studies...................................................... 41 WCMS Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy.................................... 41 WCMS Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies............................................................ 42 WCMS Mummies as Cultural Heritage.............................................. 42 WCMS A Multidisciplinary Collaboration for Tissue Analyses: The Case of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.................................. 43 WCMS Hair in Archaeology............................................................... 43

Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of Ecology, Organismal Biology, and Environmental Sciences Earth Sciences.................................................................. 50 Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of Health Sciences Engineering, Technology, and Applied Sciences Computer and Information Sciences................................ 51 Tuesday, 14 June

Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections Chemistry and Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology............................................. 52 Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections History and Philosophy of Science General and Interdisciplinary Studies.............................. 52 Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections Psychology Social, Economic and Political Sciences Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences.............. 53

WCMS

Thursday, 16 June

World Congress on Mummy Studies, Session III...................... 54

IV. Contributed Posters Poster Session Instructions.................................................... 55 Sunday, 12 June Poster Session I: World Congress on Mummy Studies.......... 55

II. Workshops Monday, 13 June

Finding Information in Open Access Journals....................... 45 Wednesday, 15 June

Vitamin D............................................................................... 45 Thursday, 16 June

Field and Advanced Paleoimaging........................................ 46 Artefact Annotation – Developing an Ontology to Help Mine Datasets.......................................................... 46

III. Contributed Oral Paper Sessions Sunday, 12 June World Congress on Mummy Studies, Session I..................... 47

Monday, 13 June

Poster Session II: AAAS, Pacific Division............................ 58

ABSTRACTS................................................................................61 INDEX of Names..............................................................155 MAPS

University of San Diego.............................. Inside Front Cover Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice................ Inside Back Cover

Monday, 13 June

World Congress on Mummy Studies, Session II................... 48 Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of Education Anthropology and Archaeology....................................... 50

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POLICIES Publication Publication of symposia or other technical sessions or talks that have been prepared under the auspices of the AAAS, Pacific Division requires written permission of the AAAS, Pacific Division as well as that of the individual organizers and speakers. Video and/or audio taping of any session or parts thereof for commercial purposes is not permitted without prior approval from the speakers, organizers and AAAS, Pacific Division. The AAAS, Pacific Division is not responsible for the accuracy of advertising information in these Proceedings. Advertising information contained herein is provided by the participating advertisers and does not constitute endorsement by the AAAS, Pacific Division. Abstracts and summaries published in these Proceedings reflect entirely the individual views of the authors and not necessarily that of the AAAS, Pacific Division, its Council, Executive Committee or its officers. Presentation of ideas, products or publications at this AAAS, Pacific Division meeting or the reporting of them in news accounts does not constitute endorsement by the AAAS, Pacific Division.

Standards of Conduct On April 14, 1978, the AAAS Board of Directors adopted the following position statement regarding standards of conduct at AAAS meetings: “The Board takes it for granted that all who attend the Annual Meetings of the Association will conduct themselves with consideration for others and with particular consideration for those who generously give their time and thought to the sessions. Differing opinions will continue to be heard and respected. We recognize that there are areas of science that are both controversial and troubling. The Annual Meeting can serve as an effective forum to consider such issues so long as procedures of orderly debate and fairness are followed. Discourtesy and abusive behavior have no place in the annual Meeting. When excesses occur they do great injury to the Association and to the process of discussion. They cannot be condoned.” The AAAS, Pacific Division, as part of the larger organization, ascribes to this position and will, if necessary, take appropriate measures to assure adherence to it. No Smoking Rule On December 30, 1971, the AAAS Council approved a motion requesting that persons in attendance refrain from smoking at Council meetings and scientific and public sessions. The AAAS, Pacific Division ascribes to this policy and asks that all persons who attend the meeting comply with this ruling.

Meeting Development The technical programs of AAAS, Pacific Division meetings are developed by proposals submitted by individuals and/or groups of individuals and overseen by the Executive Committee and Executive Director of the Division. Symposium planners are responsible for developing lists of presenters that represent fairly the topic at hand. Papers submitted separately from symposia, referred to as Contributed Papers and Contributed Posters, are reviewed by section chairs prior to their inclusion in the program. All program review is based on scientific significance, timeliness, balance, and clarity of organization. In the case of symposia and workshops, this review is based on materials provided by planners or submitters and does not include a technical examination of individual presentations. Student Awards of Excellence The Council, Executive Committee and officers of the AAAS, Pacific Division are committed to encouraging the scientific development of students by offering them a friendly yet scientifically robust environment in which to present their research results. Part of that environment includes evaluating student presentations and rewarding students’ superior efforts. To that end, the Division has developed an extensive program of student Awards of Excellence that are given at both the sectional and divisional levels. More information about this program may be found on page 12 of these Proceedings.

© Copyright 2011 by the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Assembled and edited by Roger G. Christianson. Co-edited by Angela R. Christianson. Front Cover: Front view of Joan B. Kroc Center for Peace and Justice, courtesy Roger G. Christianson. Back Cover: Rear view of Joan B. Kroc Center for Peace and Justice, with Garden of the Sea meditation pool in foreground, courtesy Roger G. Christianson. Printed at Valley Web Printing, 1299 Stowe Ave., Medford, OR 97501.

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GOVERNANCE Planning Committee for the 92nd Annual Meeting Program Chairs at the University of San Diego

For the general program: Frank Jacobitz, University of San Diego Anne A. Sturz, University of San Diego For the 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies: Alana Cordy-Collins, University of San Diego Rose Tyson, San Diego, CA

Program Organizers:

Alan L. Bain, Retired, Smithsonian Institution Archives Steve Bachofer, Saint Mary’s College California Andre Barkhordarian, U California, Los Angeles Ronald Beckett, Quinnipiac University Amy Besnoy, University of San Diego Raffaella Bianucci, University of Turin Bob Brier, Long Island University John Cannell, Vitamin D Institute Robert L. Chianese, Cal State University Northridge Francesco Chiappelli, U California, Los Angeles Philip Collins, U California Irvine Gerald Conologue, Quinnipiac University Alana Cordy-Collins, University of San Diego John Czworkowski, U California, San Diego Halina Duraj, University of San Diego Harinda Joseph S. Fernando, U Notre Dame Veronica Galván, University of San Diego Crystal Goldman, San Jose State University Paul S. Goldstein, U California, San Diego Paul Heckman, U California, Davis Frank G. Jacobitz, University of San Diego Ronn Johnson, University of San Diego Ronald S. Kaufmann, University of San Diego Ilán Leboreiro, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia

Pearl Ly, Cal State University San Marcos Niels Lynnerup, University of Copenhagen Carl A. Maida, U California, Los Angeles

Josephina Mansilla, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia

María Victoria Monsalve, U British Columbia

Andreas G. Nerlich Institute for Pathology, München, Germany

Christina Papageorgopoulou, University of Zürich Anita Petty, Digital Operations, Albuquerque, NM Panos Photinos, Southern Oregon University Dario Piombino-Mascali, Institute for the Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano Marvin Rowe, Texas A&M University Frank Rühli, University of Zürich Kai Schneider, Université de Provence Sherry Seethaler, U California, San Diego Thomas F. Schubert, University of San Diego Amy Shachter, Santa Clara University Daniel P. Sheehan, University of San Diego Dong Hoon Shin, Seoul National University Mark Spigelman, University College, London Steve Staninger, University of San Diego Anne A. Sturz, University of San Diego Randall C. Thompson, University of Missouri Rose Tyson, San Diego, California Peter W. Vanderlish, The Scripps Reaearch Institute Ani Velo, University of San Diego Caroline Wilkinson, University of Dundee Jocelyn Williams, Trent University Andrew S. Wilson, University of Bradford S.J. Wolfe, American Antiquarian Society Albert Zink, European Academy of Bolzano

Officers of AAAS 2011 – 2012

Chairman of the Board: Alice S. Huang, California Institute of Technology President: Nina V. Fedoroff, U.S. Department of State President-elect: William Press, University of Texas, Austin Treasurer: David E. Shaw, D.E. Shaw Research Chief Executive Officer: Alan I. Leshner, AAAS, Washington, D.C.

Officers of the Pacific Division 2010 – 2011

President: Alissa Arp, Southern Oregon University President-elect: Robert Chianese, California State University, Northridge (retired) Past President: John E. Hafernik, San Francisco State University Executive Director: Roger G. Christianson, Southern Oregon University

Executive Committee of the Pacific Division

2010 – 2011

Alissa Arp, Southern Oregon University Robert L. Chianese, California State University, Northridge (retired) Robert L. Christiansen, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA (retired) Roger G. Christianson, Southern Oregon University Terrence Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences John Hafernik, San Francisco State University Frank Jacobitz, University of San Diego Matthew J. James, Sonoma State University Léo F. Laporte, University of California, Santa Cruz (emeritus) Owen M. McDougal, Boise State University D. Jeffrey Meldrum, Idaho State University, Pocatello Counselor, non-voting: Alan E. Leviton, California Academy of Sciences

Council of the Pacific Division 2010 – 2011

Alissa Arp, Southern Oregon University William B.N. Berry, University of California, Berkeley John J. Carroll, University of California, Davis (retired) Robert L. Chianese, California State University, Northridge (retired) Francesco Chiappelli, University of California, Los Angeles H.K. Choi, California State University, Dominguez Hills Robert L. Christiansen, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA (retired) Roger G. Christianson, Southern Oregon University Stephen Frost, University of Oregon Armando J. Galindo, Pebble Beach, CA Terrence Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences John Hafernik, San Francisco State University Frank Jacobitz, University of San Diego Matthew J. James, Sonoma State University Cheryl L. Jorcyk, Boise State University Léo Laporte, University of California, Santa Cruz (emeritus) Alan E. Leviton, California Academy of Sciences Michael D. MacNeil, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Miles City, MT Carl A. Maida, University of California, Los Angeles Owen M. McDougal, Boise State University Donald J. McGraw, Ephraim, UT D. Jeffrey Meldrum, Idaho State University, Pocatello J. Kenneth Nishita, California State University Monterey Bay Panos Photinos, Southern Oregon University Rouel S. Roque, Touro University Nevada Anne A. Sturz, University of San Diego Kimberly D. Tanner, San Francisco State University Richard W. Van Buskirk, Pacific University Jay Vavra, High Tech High, San Diego, CA

AAAS Liaison to the Pacific Division

Gretchen Seiler, AAAS, Washington, DC

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6

Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice

92nd Annual Meeting of the

Pacific Division of AAAS including the

7 World Congress on Mummy Studies th

University of San Diego San Diego, California 12 – 16 June 2011

GENERAL INFORMATION Pacific Division Sections and AFFILIATED SOCIETIES Sponsoring Sessions at the SAN DIEGO Meeting World Congress on Mummy Studies Agriculture and Horticultural Sciences Anthropology and Archaeology Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Cell and Molecular Biology Chemistry and Biochemistry Computer and Information Sciences Earth Sciences Ecology, Organismal Biology and Environmental Sciences Education (Science and Technology) Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences General and Interdisciplinary

Health Sciences History and Philosophy of Science Mathematics Oral Biology and Dental Medicine Physics and Materials Science Psychology Social, Economic and Political Sciences

University of San Diego and San Diego The University of San Diego (USD) is a Roman Catholic institution of higher learning. Presently enrolling more than 7,500 students, it is known for its commitment to teaching, the liberal arts and the formation of values and community service. The university adds depth to education by inspiring students to grow spiritually, morally and socially. 7

GENERAL INFORMATION USD’s 180-acre campus, Alcalá Park, sits atop a mesa overlooking San Diego’s Mission Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The university campus is a community treasure, with Spanish Renaissance inspired buildings and breathtakingly beautiful landscapes, including the spot where Father Junipero Serra celebrated the first Catholic Mass in Alta California more than 230 years ago. Like California’s oldest city, the university took its name from San Diego de Alcalá, a Franciscan brother from Alcalá de Henares, a monastery near Madrid, Spain. The Spanish Renaissance architecture that characterizes Spain’s five-century-old University of Alcalá serves as the inspiration for all buildings on the USD campus. Under the leadership of Mother Rosalie Hill of the Society of the Sacred Heart and Bishop Charles Francis Buddy of the Diocese of San Diego, the University of San Diego began as separate colleges for men and women. Chartered in 1949, the first classes met in 1952 and the School of Law opened its doors in 1954. By the late 1960s it became clear that both colleges would benefit from combining academic resources. In 1972 the University of San Diego became a single coeducational university. Now governed by a board of trustees independent from the founding organizations, USD welcomes students, faculty and staff of diverse religious traditions and remains dedicated to the values originally articulated by Mother Hill and Bishop Buddy. San Diego With a near-perfect climate, 70 miles of beaches, and mountains and deserts just a short drive away, San Diego draws more than 26 million visitors each year. Known for its countless year-round outdoor activities, San Diego is packed with unique pursuits in the water, on the trails and in the sky. The University of San Diego is just minutes from sailing, windsurfing, kayaking and a host of other water sports. All of the city’s beaches are ideal for surfing, body boarding, snorkeling or simply soaking up rays on sand warmed by the everpresent sun. Hundreds of miles of trails and parks wind throughout San Diego County, ranging from oceanfront land to mountain pine forests, making it very easy to backpack, hike, camp or rock climb in a variety of elevations and environments. The Pacific Crest Trail, which works its way through 150 miles of San Diego backcountry in its trek from México to Canada, is designated one of America’s National Scenic Trails. San Diego has many attractions, including the worldfamous San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Additionally, the 131-year-old Balboa Park is a 1,200-acre oasis in the heart of the city, complete with 15 museums, eight gardens and the acclaimed Old Globe Theatre. San Diego is also home to one of only three Olympic training centers in the nation. And its coastal waters offer an exceptional seasonal experience: a firstrate vantage point from which to witness the annual migration of gray whales from Alaskan seas to Mexican lagoons. 8

USD Students Though the beach is nearby, USD is a serious academic institution. And while the campus itself is stunning, the people truly make the difference. More than 7,000 candidates vie for 1,000 freshman openings each year. The median incoming freshman holds a 3.72 GPA and an 1180 SAT score, yet each student is unique and selected on expressions of diversity, leadership, service, talent, and essential human character. Of great significance to USD students are small class sizes; great, accessible faculty; and fantastic lab facilities. Students choose from more than 60 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in academic divisions, including the College of Arts and Sciences and the schools of Business Administration, Leadership and Education Sciences, Law, and Nursing and Health Science. The new Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies was inaugurated in 2007. Natural Sciences at USD The natural sciences at USD include four departments: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Marine Science and Environmental Studies. Curricula in the sciences are centered on the belief that students learn best when theoretical concepts are combined with hands-on experience. Students in the sciences take numerous lab and field courses, which provide opportunities to learn useful techniques and participate in the scientific process. Many students carry out research and perform internships that complement their formal course work. Interdisciplinary collaborations are common among faculty and students in different departments. These interactions are enhanced by the inclusion of all four science departments in the new Donald P. Shiley Center for Science and Technology, which opened in 2003. The Center contains classrooms, offices, and modern labs that are used for teaching as well as faculty and student research. It is equipped with state-of-the art instrumentation and equipment, including 500 MHz and 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance systems, a high pressure liquid chromatography – mass spectrometer, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry instruments, atomic analyzers, a nutrient analyzer, a bomb calorimeter, and a laser particle sorter. Microscopic resources include, among the usual assortment of compound and dissecting microscopes, scanning and transmitting electron microscopes and an atomic force microscope. Several facilities were constructed for specialized functions, including a seawater system with two 2,000 gallon tanks, environmental chambers, aquarium room, a laser laboratory, and a greenhouse with five rooms with independent climate controls. Research and teaching collections include terrestrial and marine vertebrates, marine invertebrates, insects and an herbarium. A 16-foot research vessel is available for marine science investigations.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Annual meeting Registration The Registration Center will be in the lobby of the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice building (see campus map on the inside cover of these Proceedings). Hours of operation are: Saturday: 5:00 p.m. – 6:45 p.m. Sunday: 8:00 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. Monday: 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Tuesday: 7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Wednesday: 7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Thursday: 7:30 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. All persons attending the meeting, except for public sessions, must be registered for the meeting and must wear their name badges at all times while participating in meeting events. Those not displaying a meeting name badge may not make scheduled presentations and may be asked to leave the meeting site. On-site registration fees are as follows: full meeting professional, $120; program planners, program presenters, and field trip leaders full meeting, $85; one-day of meeting professional, $85 [note that individuals planning to attend more than one day of the meeting must pay the full meeting fee]; K-12 teachers, community college instructors, and emeritus/ retired individuals, $60; students, unemployed, $50; spouses/ family members, $40. Special stipends of $75 were given to the first twenty K–12 and community college instructors that registered in advance for the meeting and requested the stipend on their registration forms. The stipend is not available to teachers who register on-site. Students were given the opportunity to apply for travel awards of up to $150 each to help defray their costs for the meeting. About field trips: Due to limited seating in vehicles and the need to inform some destinations of the number of people arriving, pre-registration for all field trips was required. If you didn’t register for a particular field trip in which you are interested in participating, please inquire at the Registration Center to see if space is still available. At least one member of a family group requesting field trip reservations must be a paid meeting registrant. Participants who are not registered for the meeting will be charged a one-time $10 field trip registration fee in addition to the fee for the field trip. About workshops: All workshops, with the exception of Field and Advanced Paleoimaging which has a $20 fee, are available at no additional charge to meeting registrants. Some workshops have limited space and persons indicating their participation on the Advance Registration Form will have priority in attending should a workshop fill. About refunds: Requests for refunds must have been in writing and received in the Pacific Division office no later than 19 May 2011. Under extreme hardship conditions

beyond a registrant’s control, requests for refunds may be honored beyond this date if presented in writing with an adequate explanation of the hardship that precipitated the request for the refund. A $15 handling fee is applied. An additional 3.5% deduction is applied to the total amount for credit card refunds. Campus Housing for Meeting Registrants Meeting registrants staying on campus are housed in Founders and Camino Halls (#s 16 and 20 on the campus map). Founders Hall was originally built as the San Diego College of Women. For a period of time, Founders and Camino Halls were the only dorms on the USD campus. The residence rooms in these two halls are located on the second floor, offering most of the rooms views of beautifully landscaped courtyards. The rooms are typical dorm rooms, with one or two residents per room. Each resident is provided a twin bed, chest of drawers, desk and desk chair and most of the rooms have parquet flooring. Rooms have wireless internet access. Showers and restrooms are located in typical dorm fashion, down the hall. Laundry rooms and vending machines are available. A lounge with cable TV and computers is located in the hall. The University Alcohol Policy designates Founders as a no alcohol living area regardless of age or class status. If you are an individual and would like to request double housing, we will be pleased to assign you a same gender roommate. Please be sure to note this on your housing application form. Room/board charges: The basic housing package includes the nights of Sunday, Monday and Tuesday, 12 – 14 June. Additional nights on either side of the three night package are available, allowing one to stay on campus from Friday, 10 June until Saturday, 18 June. Each night includes an $8 food credit to be spent on campus at any of the eateries, such as Bert’s Bistro, La Paloma, La Gran Terraza, Pavilion Dining, Aromas, etc. Cost of three night housing package (includes $24 oncampus food credit): $183 per person Double: $234 Single: Cost of additional nights on either side of the three night package (includes $8 on-campus food credit per night): Double: $61 per person per additional night $78 per additional night Single: Parking for those staying on campus: The cost of parking is $3.00 per day, and was available for purchase at the time of booking the housing package. Parking permits are for use in the two parking structures, West Marian Way Parking on the west end of campus (#2 on the campus map and closest to the dorms but with a steep hill to climb or wait for a shuttle) and Mission Parking just to the east of the central campus (#48 on the campus map and a bit further away but no hill to climb). 9

GENERAL INFORMATION Local Hotels and Motels San Diego boasts many fine hotels of all qualities, many of which can be accessed for reservations through web sites such as expedia.com or hotels.com. The three hotels listed below entered into agreements with the Pacific Division to provide meeting attendees special rates and benefits. Attendees were asked to make their reservations directly with the hotel of their choice. The hotels are listed in order of proximity to USD and not in order of any preference on the part of the Pacific Division. Note that taxes (currently 12.5%) will be added to the listed room rates. Hampton Inn San Diego Airport/Sea World 3888 Greenwood Street, San Diego, CA 619-299-6633 hamptoninn.hilton.com/en/hp/hotels/index.jhtm l;jsessionid=NNOJ3XEKQ5EGKCSGBJF222 Q?ctyhocn=SANGWHX $92 (1 to 4 persons) Proximity to meeting: 2.2 miles Days Hotel 543 Hotel Circle South, San Diego, CA 1-800-227-4743 or 619-297-8800 www.dayshotelhc.com $79 (1 to 4 persons) Proximity to meeting: 3.3 miles The Dana on Mission Bay 1710 W. Mission Bay Drive, San Diego, CA 1-800-445-3339 or 619-222-6440 www.thedana.com Rate: $129 (1 – 4 persons) Proximity to meeting: 4.5 miles Travel to THE University of San Diego By Automobile from the North: Use I-5 South, exit Sea World Dr. and Tecolote Rd. Proceed left at stoplight toward Morena Blvd. Turn right onto Morena, left onto Napa, and left onto Linda Vista Rd. • If you are coming onto campus for the meeting, turn left at the first stoplight, into USD’s west entrance. Proceed past the guard booth to the left turn into the West Marian Way Parking structure, number 2 on the campus map found on the inside cover of these Proceedings. Trams regularly transport people to the top of the hill and the Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice (IPJ), where the Registration Center is located. Alternatively, you can walk the hill, but it could be a strenuous hike for some. To let someone off 10

GENERAL INFORMATION at the top, pass the turn into the parking structure and follow the road to the second stop sign. Turn right and pull up in front of IPJ, by the La Paloma food bar. You can then retrace your route back down the hill and turn right into the parking structure. • If you are going to your on-campus housing in Founders and Camino Halls, turn left at the first signal and follow the above directions to the top of the hill. Founders and Camino Halls are located on the left side of Marian Way, past IPJ. You can park your automobile near your assigned Hall for unloading before parking in one of the two parking structures. The parking fee is $3.00 per day. By automobile from the South (or the airport): Use I-5 North, exit Morena Blvd. (signs will say: Morena Blvd. use I-8 East). Stay to the right and follow the signs for Morena Blvd. Once on Morena, take the first right onto Linda Vista Rd. • If you are coming onto campus for the meeting, turn left at the second stoplight, into USD’s west entrance and follow the directions in the third paragraph above this. • If you are going to your on-campus housing, turn left at the second signal and follow the directions in the third paragraph above this. By Automobile from the east: Use I-8 West, exit at Morena Boulevard, turning right. Once on Morena, take the first right onto Linda Vista Rd. and follow the directions above under “By Automobile from the South.” By Air: San Diego is served by several major carriers. The airport is about a ten minute taxi ride from campus. Expect to pay about $15.00 for the taxi fare. Alternatively, you can rent a car at the airport and follow the above directions to USD. On-Campus Parking On-campus parking is available in either the West Marian Way Parking or Mission Parking. West Marian Way Parking is much closer to the Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice (KIPJ), site of the meeting, but one must walk up a steep hill to get there. USD provides regular shuttle service up the hill, stopping at KIPJ and several other campus locations. The Mission Parking is probably a twelve to fifteen minute walk from KIPJ, but considering there is no significant hill to climb, may be the better choice for parking. Cost is $3 per day in either parking structure. Registration Center The Registration Center will be in the lobby of the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice building (see #12 on the campus map on the inside cover of these Proceedings). Hours of operation are:

Saturday: 5:00 p.m. – 6:45 p.m. Sunday: 8:00 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. Monday: 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.

Tuesday: 7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Wednesday: 7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Thursday: 7:30 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.

messages To leave a message for a meeting registrant or to contact the AAAS, Pacific Division staff, call 541-292-1115. Please note that this line will be monitored only between the dates of 11 and 17 June. After these dates, please use the regular Pacific Division number, 541-552-6869, in order to contact Pacific Division staff. Breaks Mid-morning and mid-afternoon breaks are scheduled for each session as appropriate. Refreshments will be served in the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice rotunda, near the Registration Center. CAMPUS FOOD SERVICES The USD campus has several locations where food may be purchased. The most convenient is La Paloma, situated in front of our meeting site, the Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice (#12 on the campus map). During summer hours, La Paloma provides a food cart that features sandwiches, barbecue, salads, and an assortment of beverages. Hours are 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. Other locations you might consider: La Gran Terraza, located on the second floor of the University Center (#33 on the campus map), includes three separate dining venues: Grand Dining, which offers a two to three course ‘business lunch’ prix fixe buffet in addition to the regular a la carte menu and for dinner a varied menu from tapas and hors d’oeuvres to upscale salads, innovative entrees and divine desserts; O’Toole’s lounge, which provides guests with a varied, flavorful menu featuring hot and cold tapas as well as the opportunity to choose from an extensive wine list that includes vintages from across the globe or from an array of local craft beers featuring Stone Brewing Co.; and The Terrace, which overlooks Tecolote Canyon and Mission Bay and where one will find a casual al fresco menu featuring tapas, beer and wine, and daily specials. Aromas Café, located adjacent to the Immaculata on the 1st level of Maher Hall (#27 on the campus map) is USD’s award winning coffeehouse. Alumni-owned Ryan Bros. Coffee is roasted fresh on site, and they also offer 21 flavors of tea, tea lattes, Italian sodas, blended drinks and gourmet baked goods.

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GENERAL INFORMATION

Meeting Rooms, computers, and powerpoint presentations This year’s technical sessions will meet in the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice (#12 on the campus map, which is on the inside cover of these Proceedings). All meeting rooms are equipped with LCD projectors and computers running Windows XP and Microsoft Office 2007. Only CD-ROMs and thumb/USB/flash drives may be used to load presentations onto the computers. Speakers requiring other specialized equipment such as slide or overhead projectors must have made their requests known when submitting their abstracts. If available, specialized equipment is provided. Any rental costs incurred are the responsibility of the requestor. Should a presenter wish to use their own laptop computer for their presentation, it will be possible to connect the laptop directly to the LCD projector via a VGA port. It is the responsible of presenter doing this to make sure that they bring any needed adapters to connect their computers to the VGA cable of the LCD projector. Student Awards for Excellence The AAAS, Pacific Division offers each affiliated society and section participating in the annual meeting the opportunity to recognize outstanding student participants through the presentation of Awards of Excellence and cash prizes of $150 for first place and $75 for second place. Additionally, each winner receives a one-year student membership in AAAS, which includes weekly issues of Science magazine. Societies often supplement these awards with their own cash prizes. For this meeting, six Division-wide awards may be given: Laurence M. Klauber Award for Excellence (unrestricted); Geraldine K. Lindsay Award for Excellence in the Natural Sciences; J. Thomas Dutro, Jr. Award for Excellence in the Geosciences; Rita W. Peterson Award for Excellence in Science Education; Best Poster Award (for posters only but otherwise unrestricted); and the AAAS Robert I. Larus Travel Award, which will provide a reimbursement for travel and other meeting related expenses up to $750 for the awardee to attend the national meeting of AAAS in Vancouver, British 12

Columbia, 16 – 20 February 2012 for the purpose of presenting their winning presentation as a poster. The Klauber, Lindsay, Dutro, Presidents, Peterson, Best Poster, and Larus awards are given to those students whose presentations are judged the most significant in the advancement or understanding of science. To be eligible for a sectional award or one of the Divisionwide awards, a student must be registered for the meeting prior to judging, present the paper or poster, and be the principal research investigator. Student presentations, oral and poster, are judged on their abstracts, content, style of delivery or presentation, and audiovisual aids and/or handouts (if used). Sample evaluation forms for both oral and poster presentations are posted on the Division’s meeting web page. Students who are eligible for Awards of Excellence are invited to be the Division’s guests at the annual Banquet Tuesday evening, 14 June. Festivities that evening include the presentation of student awards. Students were asked to indicate on the Advance Registration Form if they were planning to attend the banquet. Those who responded positively were provided a ticket along with their other registration materials. If you are a student who is in competition for an Award of Excellence and you do not have a ticket for the banquet, please inquire at the Registration Center to see whether any tickets are still available. IMPORTANT NOTE: All judging for student awards ends no later than 3:00 p.m. on Tuesday, at which time the judges go into closed session to determine the winners. Students with oral presentations beyond this cut-off time were instructed to present their oral presentation also as a poster in order to be judged and in the pool of potential prize winners. Special Events and public lectures Sunday Evening Public Plenary Lecture. 7:00 p.m. in the KIPJ Theatre. NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsychosocial Networks in Humans, presented by Ishiro Nishimura, DDS, DMSc, DMD, FAP (School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA). Sunday Evening Welcome Reception. Approximately 8:00 – 9:15 p.m. Immediately following the plenary lecture, and hosted by the Pacific Division and its affiliated societies and sections, all registrants and their families are invited to enjoy the conviviality of this event on 12 June, Ichiro Nishimura starting about 8:00 p.m. and running to about 9:15 p.m. A selection of soft drinks, chips, pretzels and good conversation will be available. Please wear your registration badge.

Courtesy UCLA

Bert’s Bistro, located at the west-end of campus in Mother Rosalie Hill Hall (#5 on the campus map) offers a Mexican menu and $5 combos in addition to sandwiches, wraps, sushi, soup, salad bar, frozen yogurt and a full espresso and tea bar. Pavilion Dining (#34 on the campus map) is home to an array of unique dining concepts that fuse distinct ingredients and flavors to create delicious menus in an inviting environment. Tu Mercado (#34 on the campus map) is a natural food grocery store where visitors may find any number of treats to bring back to their rooms or snack on throughout the day.

Courtesy Vitamin D Council

Courtesy himself

Division representatives will announce the names of student winners of sectional Awards of Excellence and also winners of the Division’s Laurence M. Klauber Award for Excellence (unrestricted), Geraldine K. Lindsay Award for Excellence in the Natural Sciences, J. Thomas Dutro, Jr. Award for Excellence in the Geosciences, Rita W. Peterson Award for Excellence in Science Education, the President’s Award for Excellence (unrestricted), the Best Poster Award (for poster presentations only but otherwise unrestricted), and the AAAS Robert I. Larus Travel Award. The evening is planned to begin at 6:15 p.m. with a reception. Dinner service will begin about 7:00 p.m. After dinner will be the presentation of student awards, followed by the Presidential Address, Scientific Art and Artful Science: Musings of an Arts and Sciences Dean, presented by Dr. Alissa J. Arp (Dean, College Alissa J. Arp of Arts and Sciences, Southern Oregon University and President of the Pacific Division). The evening is expected to end by about 9:30 p.m. At the time of purchasing their tickets, banquet attendees were asked to choose between three entrées: Gnocchi (a vegetarian offering, made of thick, soft potato pillows that almost resemble dumplings and covered with asparagus tips, artichokes and sun dried tomatoes and a white wine sauce), Black Cod (served on a bed of borlotti bean ragout infused with thyme and preserved lemon) and Osso Bucco Milanese(cross-cut veal shank, served with vegetables and broth). All entrées are served with a baby spinach salad, fresh vegetable, Chef’s choice of starch, butter and rolls, coffee, tea, iced tea and water. If you didn’t already purchase a banquet ticket but would like to attend, please check with the Registration Center for ticket availability. Students in competition for Awards of Excellence are invited to be guests of the Division for this event. Note that if you are a student who requested a complimentary ticket, we expect you to attend the banquet. Please don’t dishonor the Division’s generosity in offering you this opportunity to fully participate in the meeting with minimal out-of-pocket expenses by asking for a ticket and then not showing up! Wednesday Morning Business Meeting of the Council of the Pacific Division. 7:00 a.m. in the KIPJ Boardroom (Room 226). The Council of the AAAS, Pacific Division will hold its annual breakfast and business meeting starting with breakfast service at 7:00 a.m. Once breakfast is served, the Council will get down to business, electing officers, Executive Committee and Council members, discussing programs for the 2012 and 2013 annual meetings, and transacting other such business as is required by the Division’s By-Laws. This is an open meeting and Pacific Division members with an 13

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Monday Noon Public Lecture. 12:15 p.m. in the KIPJ Theatre. Journeying Through Stressed Urban Systems will be presented by Harindra (Joe) Fernando, Ph.D. (Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN) will talk on tsunamis and storm surges, referring H.J.S. Fernando to the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and sustainability of communities. Monday Evening Public Plenary Lecture. 7:00 p.m. in the KIPJ Theatre. David R. Hunt, Ph.D. (Physical / Forensic Anthropologist and Collections Manager, Physical Anthropology Division Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.) will present the talk, Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Remains. Monday Evening President’s Reception. Approximately 8:00 – 9:15 p.m. University of San Diego Executive Vice President and Provost Dr. Julie Sullivan, will welcome conferDavid R. Hunt ence attendees at an informal reception hosted by USD President Dr. Mary Lyons. All registrants and their families are invited to enjoy this relaxed occasion. Non-registered family members are welcome, but must be accompanied by a registrant. Please wear your registration badge. Tuesday World Congress on Mummy Studies Special Invited Lecture. 11:45 a.m. in the KIPJ Theatre. The Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary Islands, Spain, presented by Conrado Rodríguez Martín (Instituto Canariio de Bioanthropologia). Tuesday Noon Public Lecture. 12:15 p.m. in the KIPJ Theatre. Vitamin D, presented by John J. Cannell, MD (Executive Director, Vitamin D Council, San Luis Obispo, CA). Tuesday Evening Student Awards Banquet. Reception at 6:15 p.m.; dinner at 7:00 p.m. in KIPJ Rooms A – D. Tuesday evening will be an exciting time for students as John J. Cannell

Courtesy Arizona State University

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Shirley Malcom

Sharon Levy

interest in the governance of the Division are invited to attend. Wednesday Keynote Talk. 8:45 a.m. in KIPJ Room A, Shirley Malcom, Ph.D. (Director of Education and Human Resources Programs, AAAS, Washington, D.C.), as part of the symposium Pathways to Science: Promoting Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom, will give the Keynote Talk, The Promise of Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom. Wednesday Noon Public Lecture. 12:15 p.m. in the KIPJ Theatre. Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctions Tell Us about the Fate of Earth’s Largest Animals, Ms. Sharon Levy (Science writer, Arcata, CA). A book signing by Ms. Levy for her recent book of the same title as her talk will immediately follow the conclusion of the talk. Wednesday Evening Reception. 6:00 p.m. at the Museum of Man, Balboa Park. Please refer to Field Trip #4 on page 15 of these Proceedings. Field Trips All field trips are open to meeting registrants and their families. At least one member of a family group must be registered for the meeting. Unregistered family members will be charged an additional one-time-only $10 field trip registration fee. This fee is paid only once for this meeting, regardless of how many field trips a non-registrant participates in. Due to limited space, advance registration was required for all field trips. Reservation and payment of field trip fee(s) was included on the Advance Registration Form. If you didn’t pre-register for a field trip in which you would like to participate, inquire at the Registration Center to see whether any space remains. A full refund will be granted if a trip is cancelled by the Division. If a registrant cancels via e-mail or written notification received in the Pacific Division office no later than 19 May 2011, the registrant will receive a refund of the fee(s) paid less a $15 processing fee. If paid by credit card, an additional 3.5% of the original charge will be deducted from the amount being refunded to help pay for fees charged to the Division by credit card companies. With the exception of the Division cancelling a field trip, no refunds will be granted after 19 May. 14

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Courtesy AAAS

Sunday, 12 June Field Trip #1: San Diego Coastal Geology and Hazards. Departs from the front of KIPJ at 10:00 a.m.; returns about 4:00 p.m. Pick up your registration materials in advance at the Registration Center. Includes transportation, field guide, and box lunch. Cost: $70. Organized by Elizabeth Baker Treloar and Eric Cathcart (Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA), this three-quarter day field trip along the beautiful San Diego coastline will focus on the sedimentary rocks that record 65 million years of geologic events. The Rose Canyon Fault Zone, the geologic hazards of the coastal region, and the potential threat of the southern San Andreas Fault will be addressed. The field trip will stop first at Mount Soledad in La Jolla, then progress south to Sunset Cliffs in Point Loma, and finish with a stop at scenic Cabrillo National Monument. Weather can be cool and foggy on the coast, so plan to bring a jacket or, even better, layer your clothing. Tidepools at Cabrillo Rocks can be wet and slippery, so be sure to wear good shoes--no heels or flip flops! Field Trip #3: Sunday, 12 June: San Diego Botanic Garden. Departs from the front of KIPJ at 9:00 a.m.; returns about 3:00 p.m. Pick up your registration materials in advance at the Registration Center. Includes transportation, box lunch, and garden map/guide. Cost: $70. Organized by Michael S. Mayer (Department of Biology, University of San Diego), this trip is an exploration of the San Diego Botanic Garden. Straddling a hill and 37 acres in the seaside town of Encinitas, the San Diego Botanic Garden (formerly Quail Gardens) harbors a wonderful diversity of plant communities, which are arranged thematically and geographically. Highlights include a stand of our local coastal sage scrub, old world and new world desert gardens, a bamboo collection, a subtropical fruit garden, and dozens of species of cycads and palms distributed throughout the various continentally-themed sage scrub. Newer additions to the property include the Hamilton Children’s Garden, as well as numerous demonstration and interactive installations on topics such as Native Americans and native plants, and gardening for fire safety or water conservation. We will leave the USD campus at 9:00 a.m. for the halfhour drive up the coast to Encinitas, location of The San Diego Botanic Garden. Upon arrival, we will take a guided walk around the gardens, ending with lunch (box lunches provided). After lunch there will be extra time for individual exploration before we leave the gardens at 2:30 p.m. for our trip back to campus. Be sure to wear comfortable walking shoes and bring along a jacket in case of cooler weather, as Encinitas is on the coast.

GENERAL INFORMATION Wednesday, 15 June Field Trip #4: Museum of Man. Departs from the front of KIPJ at 5:30 p.m.; returns about 9:30 p.m. Includes transportation, entry to the Museum of Man, and reception. Cost: $15. Sponsored by the Museum of Man in Balboa Park, this field trip includes a reception and a special viewing of a new exhibit – Modern Day Mummy: The Art and Science of Mummification. The exhibit features Mumab, a modern day mummy preserved using ancient Egyptian techniques. Mumab is on permanent loan to the Museum of Man from the University of Maryland. Thursday, 16 June Field Trip #2: Come See the Wonders of the Fairs: A Walking Tour. Departs from the front of KIPJ at 9:30 a.m.; returns about 3:30 p.m. Limited to 27 participants. Includes transportation, guided tour of World’s Fair remnants at Balboa Park. Cost: $25. Organized by Don Larson and Tammy Lau (Madden Library, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA; [emailprotected]), this walking tour of the remnants of San Diego’s world’s fairs will be a lively and entertaining “visit to the fairs,” imagining them as they once were by seeing the legacies of the fairs. The tour guide will be Don Larson, a lifelong aficionado and collector on world’s fairs. The well-known Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs is the largest world’s fair collection on the West Coast and resides at California State University Fresno. The current Balboa Park is the site of both of San Diego’s world’s fairs: the 1915-16 Panama-California Exposition and the 1935-36 California Pacific International Exposition. There are dozens of features, attractions, buildings and gardens that are the remains of the two fairs, among them the Botanical Building (and beautiful lily pond), the Spreckels Organ Pavilion, the Old Cactus Garden, Spanish Village, Japanese Tea Pavilion (now a tea house restaurant), the Ford Building (now the Air and Space Museum), the House of Hospitality (now the Visitors Center), the California State Building (now the San Diego Museum of Man), the House of Pacific Relations International Cottages (with 32 cottages promoting multicultural goodwill), and the Zoro Garden (formerly a nudist colony built for the 1935 fair). Even the world-famous San Diego Zoo grew out of the fairs, with exotic animals left after the 1935 exposition ended. After lunch at one of the numerous restaurants, cafes and snack shops in the park (on your own or as an informal group), there will be time to explore other parts of the splendid and vast Balboa Park. An optional visit to the Japanese Garden (and tea pavilion) as of the printing of these Proceedings costs $4. We’ll plan on meeting the shuttles at 3:10 p.m. 15

GENERAL INFORMATION for our quick trip back to campus. Due to the nature of this walking tour, be sure to wear comfortable shoes! Depending on the weather, a jacket may also be needed. Field Trip #5: Tidepooling at Cabrillo National Monument Thursday, 16 June: 4:30 a.m. –8:15 a.m. Departs from the front of KIPJ at 4:30 a.m.; returns about 8:30 a.m. Limited to 10 participants. Includes transportation, admission fees, field guide and refreshments. Cost: $55. Organized by Drew M. Talley (Department of Marine Science and Environmental Studies, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Wake up early and make the most of your last day at the meeting in San Diego by joining us for a sunrise visit to the Cabrillo National Monument. Home to the historic Old Point Loma lighthouse and a wealth of biodiversity, Cabrillo National Monument is a protected area of 65 hectares situated on the end of the Point Loma peninsula. The early-morning field trip will be led by intertidal ecologists from USD and the National Park Service, and will include a copy of “The Life of Point Loma”, with chapters covering the marine, intertidal, and terrestrial habitats of the peninsula, as well as coffee and pastries during a post-field question and answer session with the Park Ranger. This is a rare chance to visit the Cabrillo National Monument when it is normally closed to the public! Caution: you will be walking on slippery rocks and in shallow intertidal water. Please wear appropriate footwear and dress in layers! Field Trip #6: Mission Bay Aquatic Center Lesson in Sailing or Kayaking Thursday, 16 June: 1:45 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. It is participants’ responsibility to arrange for their own travel to and from the Mission Bay Aquatic Center. Includes all instruction and equipment. Does not include transportation to and from the Mission Bay Aquatic Center. Cost: $35. Organized by Steven A. Murray (Department of Engineering, University of San Diego), this field trip provides a choice for beginners of two water sports opportunities on beautiful Mission Bay: sailing or kayaking. Each includes an hour or so of instruction, followed by on-the-water practice time. Kayaking: 3-hour Kayak Lesson and Tour. Students will learn to kayak, then tour the coves of Mission Bay. Activities may include on-the-water kayaking games. All boats and equipment is included. Sailing: 3-Hour Basic Sailing Lesson in 8’ single handed sabot. 1 hour classroom time with 1.5 hours on the water practice. All Equipment and instruction is included. An area will be set up for participants to store belongings as a group, so you won’t be using the public locker room. Bring typical beach wear for the event (swim trunks or swimsuit, sandals and a beach towel) and a change of dry clothes for after the lesson. You will be wearing a wetsuit for the duration of the lesson to keep warm. Some individuals like to have a hooded sweatshirt to wear over the wetsuit if 16

they get out of the water early, but most just wrap themselves in their towel. Important notes: 1. You will be asked to sign a liability waiver at the Mission Bay Aquatic Center (MBAC) before you can participate in either event. Failure to sign the waiver will prevent your participation. No refund of fees will be made for failure to sign the waiver. A sample copy of the waiver form will be provided to participants. 2. Transportation to and from the MBAC is the responsibility of participants. Due to the high cost for bus rentals in the San Diego area, the Pacific Division will not be providing transportation for this event. It is up to participants to arrive at the MBAC in time to take care of the required paperwork before the beginning of the sessions at 2:00 p.m. We suggest you plan to arrive at least 15 minutes early, no later than 1:45 p.m. Directions to the MBAC will be provided to participants. Workshops Workshops are available to all meeting registrants without additional fees with the exception of Field and Advanced Paleoimaging, for which there is a $20 fee. As with all of the technical program for this meeting, all workshop participants must be registered for the meeting. In order to help workshop developers in their planning, pre-registrants were asked to indicate their interest in attending each workshop. Some workshops have limited room. In case a workshop fills, those who pre-registered for the workshop will be given preference in attendance. Descriptions of all workshops may be found starting on page 45 of these Proceedings.

Future Meetings Pacific Division Annual Meetings 2012.....24 – 27 June in Boise, Idaho

co-located with the Snake River Section of the American Chemical Society at the Boise Convention Center and cosponsored by Boise State University.

The following venues are in negotiation, so keep your fingers crossed!

2013.....late June in Las Vegas, Nevada 2014.....late June in Riverside, California

AAAS National Meetings 2012.....16 – 20 Feb. in Vancouver, B.C. 2013.....14 – 18 Feb. in Boston, Massachusetts 2014.....13 – 17 Feb. in Chicago, Illinois

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PROGRAM AT A GLANCE SUNDAY – 12 JUNE

MONDAY – 13 JUNE

TUESDAY – 14 JUNE

WEDNESDAY – 15 JUNE

THURSDAY – 16 JUNE

9:00 AM – 3:00 PM FIELD TRIP San Diego Coastal Geology and Hazards Bus departs from in front of KIPJ 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS World Congress on Mummy Studies Session II KIPJ Theatre 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM SYMPOSIUM The Forensic Science of Clinical Mental Health Counseling... KIPJ Room E 8:00 AM – 5:15 PM

SYMPOSIUM Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified Remains... KIPJ Theatre 8:00 AM –10:00 AM

FIELD TRIP Tidepooling at Cabrillo National Monument Bus departs from in font of KIPJ 4:30 AM – 8:30 AM

8:10 AM – 4:40 PM

BUSINESS MEETING Business Meeting of the Council the Pacific Division KIPJ 226 7:00 AM - 10:00 AM SYMPOSIUM Princess Takabuti – Analysis, Interpretation, and Visualization KIPJ Theatre 8:00 AM – 9:15 AM

OPENING GREETINGS 7th WORLD CONGRESS ON MUMMY STUDIES KIPJ Theatre

SYMPOSIUM Advances in Materials Science and Nanotechnology KIPJ Room 215

SYMPOSIUM Antarctic Ice Is Nice KIPJ Room H

WORKSHOP Vitamin D KIPJ Rooms E and F

10:00 AM

8:25 AM – 10:00 AM CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Education Anthropology and Archaeology KIPJ Room 220 8:40 AM – Noon CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Ecology, Organismal Biology, and Environmental Sciences Earth Sciences KIPJ Room 218 8:40 AM – 11:40 AM SYMPOSIUM Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part I KIPJ Rooms A and B 8:45 AM – 4:45 PM

8:20 AM – NOON CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Chemistry and Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology KIPJ Room I 8:20 AM – NOON

8:00 AM – NOON SYMPOSIUM United States and World Fairs KIPJ Room B 8:30 AM – 5:45 PM

8:00 AM – 10:15 AM WORKSHOP Field and Advanced Paleoimaging Museum of Man Bus departs from in front of KIPJ 8:15 AM – 12:15 PM FIELD TRIP Come See the Wonders of the Fairs: A Walking Tour Bus departs from in front of KIPJ 9:30 AM – 3:30 PM

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS History & Philosophy of Science General & Interdisciplinary Studies KIPJ Room G

SYMPOSIUM Pathways to Science: Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom KIPJ Room A

SYMPOSIUM Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy KIPJ Theatre

8:20 AM – NOON SYMPOSIUM Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part II KIPJ Rooms A and B 8:45 AM – 4:15 PM SYMPOSIUM Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part I KIPJ Rooms C and D 8:45 AM – 4:15 PM

8:30 AM – NOON SYMPOSIUM Facial Analysis and Depiction of Preserved Remains KIPJ Theatre 9:15 AM – 11:00 AM SYMPOSIUM Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part II KIPJ Rooms C and D 9:30 AM – 3:00 PM SYMPOSIUM Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the Tiwanaku Culture from Moquegua, Perú KIPJ Theatre 11:00 AM – NOON NOON PUBLIC LECTURE "Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctins Tell Us about the Fate of Earth's Largest Animals" KIPJ Theatre 12:15 PM

10:30 AM – 11:30 AM SYMPOSIUM Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies KIPJ Theatre 11:30 AM – 12:30 PM CONTRIBUTED PAPERS World Congress on Mummy Studies Session III KIPJ Rooms A and B 11:30 AM – 12:30 PM

FIELD TRIP San Diego Botanic Garden Bus departs from in front of KIPJ

SYMPOSIUM Applied Ethics of Mummy Research KIPJ Theatre 10:15 AM – NOON

SYMPOSIUM Don't Sign Your Life Away... KIPJ Room 217 9:00 AM – 3:20 PM CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Health Sciences Engineering, Tech., & App. Sciences Computer & Information Sciences KIPJ 219 10:00 AM – 11:40 AM NOON PUBLIC LECTURE "Journeying Through Stressed Urban Systems" KIPJ Theatre

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS World Congress on Mummy Studies Session I KIPJ Theatre 1:30 PM – 5:00 PM

SYMPOSIUM Geophysical Turbulence KIPJ Room E

SYMPOSIUM Technical Studies on the Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy KIPJ Theatre 10:30 AM – NOON NOON PUBLIC LECTURE "Vitamin D" KIPJ Theatre

12:15 PM

12:15 PM

PROGRAMS CONTINUING from MORNING WCMS CONTRIBUTED PAPERS SYMP: Forensic Sci of Clinical... SYMP: Quantum Retrocausation SYMP: Don't Sign Your Life Away…

PROGRAMS CONTINUING from MORNING SYMP: Geophysical Turbulence SYMP: Quantum Retrocausation SYMP: 2nd Law Thermodynamics

PROGRAMS CONTINUING from MORNING SYMP: United States and World Fairs SYMP: 2nd Law Thermodynamics

SYMPOSIUM Music and the Sciences: Synergies Among Musical Arts, Math, Science, and Engineering KIPJ Room F 1:15 PM – 5:10 PM

SYMPOSIUM Osteoimmunology: Fundamental, Clinical and Translational Implications in Temporomandibular Disorders KIPJ Room G 1:15 PM – 3:00 PM

SYMPOSIUM Science Education and Civic Engagement KIPJ Room G

SYMPOSIUM State-of-the-Art Mummy Research KIPJ Theatre

POETRY READING Poetry and Science Garden of the Sea Patio (behind KIPJ)

POSTER SESSION AAAS, Pacific Division KIPJ Rooms C and D

4:00 PM – 5:30 PM

Noon – 5:00 p.m.

POSTER SESSION World Congress on Mummy Studies KIPJ Rooms C and D

SYMPOSIUM Panama Canal Expansion KIPJ Room H

5:30 PM – 6:30 PM

1:30 PM – 5:30 PM SYMPOSIUM New Languages for New Realities: Literature, Poetry, and Hypertext KIPJ Room F 1:30 PM – 5:00 PM WORKSHOP Finding Information in Open Access Journals Loma Hall Room 307 3:45 PM – 4:45 PM

1:15 PM – 5:00 PM SYMPOSIUM Human Experimental Mummification KIPJ Theatre 1:30 PM – 4:15 PM SYMPOSIUM Fragile X Syndrome: Advances In Our Underatanding of a Common Cause of Retardation and Autism KIPJ Room H 1:30 PM – 5:00 PM CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Psychology Soc., Econ., and Pol. Sciences Engineering, Tech., and Appl. Sci. KIPJ 214 1:40 PM – 4:20 PM STUDENT AWARD JUDGES MEETING KIPJ Green Room 3:00 PM SYMPOSIUM Mummy Research in the Electronic Age KIPJ Theatre 4:15 PM – 5:00 PM

EVENING PLENARY LECTURE "Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Remains" KIPJ Theatre 7:00 PM

DIVISION RECEPTION TBA

USD PRESIDENT'S RECEPTION TBA

RECEPTION and STUDENT AWARDS BANQUET KIPJ

8:00 PM

8:00 PM

6:15 PM PACIFIC DIVISION PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS "Scientific Art and Artful Science: Musings of an Arts and Sciences Dean" KIPJ Rooms A – D APPROX 8:30 PM

9:00 PM

18

SYMPOSIUM Mummies as Cultural Heritage KIPJ Theatre 1:30 PM – 3:15 PM

EVENING PLENARY LECTURE "NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsycosocial Networks in Humans" KIPJ Theatre 7:00 PM

STUDENT AWARDS JUDGES ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING KIPJ ROOM A

SYMPOSIUM Mexican Mummy Studies KIPJ Theatre

1:30 PM – 5:15 PM SYMPOSIUM The Changing Role of the Research University in K-12 Science Education KIPJ Room A 2:00 PM – 4:50 PM

SYMPOSIUM aDNA and Associated Biomolecules KIPJ Theatre 5:15 PM – 6:30 PM FIELD TRIP/RECEPTION Museum of Man Balboa Park Bus departs from in front of KIPJ 5:30 PM – 9:30 PM

FIELD TRIP Lesson in Sailing or Kayaking Mission Bay Aquatic Center 1:45 PM – 5:00 PM SYMPOSIUM A Multidisciplinary Collaboration for Tissue Analyses: The Case of Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi KIPJ Theatre 3:30 PM – 4:15 PM SYMPOSIUM Hair in Archaeology KIPJ Theatre 4:30 PM – 6:15 PM CLOSING CONVOCATION, ANNOUNCEMENTS, and RECEPTION 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies KIPJ Theatre 6:30 PM

GENERAL SESSIONS

GENERAL SESSIONS Sunday, 12 June 2011

Monday, 13 June 2011

OPENING GREETINGS 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies KIPJ Theatre Sunday 10:00 a.m.

Conrado Rodríguez Martín, MD (Director of the Museum of Archaeology of Tenerife, Canary Islands, President of the Committee for the study of the Gaunche mummies, Vice-President of the Paleopathology group in Spain, instrumental in the organization of the 6th World Congress on Mummy Studies held in Lanzarote, Canary Islands in 2007, and co-author of the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology (with Authur C. Aufderheide, M.D.) will open the 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies with greetings. The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 22 of these Proceedings.

Poetry science readings* Garden of the Sea (behind KIPJ) Sunday 4:00 p.m.

EVENING PUBLIC PLENARY LECTURE* KIPJ Theatre Sunday 7:00 p.m.

1 NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsychosocial Networks in Humans, ISHIRO NISHIMURA, DDS, DMSc, DMD, FAP (School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA).

WELCOME RECEPTION KIPJ Rotunda

Noon Public Lecture* KIPJ Theatre Monday 12:15 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.

2 Journeying Through Stressed Urban Systems, H.J.S. FERNANDO, PhD (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratories, Departments of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN).

EVENING PUBLIC Plenary Lecture* KIPJ Theatre Monday 7:00 p.m.

3 Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Remains, DAVID R. HUNT (National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.).

USD President’s RECEPTION Garden of the Sea (behind KIPJ) Monday 8:00 p.m.

University of San Diego President Dr. Mary Lyons will host an informal reception following Dr. Hunt’s talk. All participants and their families are invited to enjoy this relaxed occasion. Non-registered family members are welcome, but must be accompanied by a registrant. Please wear your registration badge.

Sunday 8:00 p.m.

Sponsored by the Pacific Division, this informal reception features soft drinks, pretzels, and chips. It begins immediately following the conclusion of the evening public plenary lecture and continues until about 9:15 p.m. All registrants and their families are invited to enjoy the conviviality of this event. Please wear your registration badge. STUDENT AWARDS JUDGES ORGANIZATIONALMEETING

KIPJ Room A Sunday 9:00 p.m.

*The public is invited to attend this program at no charge. 19

GENERAL SESSIONS Tuesday, 14 June 2011

Wednesday, 15 June 2011

world congress on mummy studies special invited lecture KIPJ Theatre

Meeting of the Council of the Pacific Division KIPJ Board Room (Room 226)

4 The Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary Islands, Spain, CONRADO RODRÍGUEZ MARTÍN1*, PABLO ATOCHE2, and ANGELES RAMÍREZ2 (1Instituto Canario de Bioantropologia (OAMC-Cabildo de Tenerife); 2Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria).

The Council of the AAAS, Pacific Division will hold its annual breakfast business meeting starting at 7:00 a.m. in the KIPJ Boardroom (Room 226). The Council will elect officers, discuss programs for the 2012 and 2013 annual meetings, and transact such other business as is required by the Division’s By-laws.

Tuesday 11:45 a.m.

noon public lecture* KIPJ Theatre Tuesday 12:15 p.m.

5 Vitamin D, JOHN J. CANNELL, MD (Executive Director, Vitamin D Council, San Luis Obispo, CA). STUDENT AWARDS JUDGES MEETING

KIPJ SOUTH GREEN ROOM

Wednesday 7:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m.

noon public lecture* KIPJ Theatre Wednesday 12:15 p.m.

6 Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctions Tell Us about the Fate of Earth’s Largest Animals, SHARON LEVY (Science writer, Arcata, CA). A book signing for Ms. Levy’s new book, from which this talk got its name, will follow immediately upon the completion of her lecture.

Tuesday 3:00 p.m.

RECEPTION and STUDENT AWARDS BANQUET Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice Tuesday 6:15 p.m.

Beginning at 6:15 p.m., a hosted reception will feature a cash bar of beer and wine, and soft drinks and juices. Dinner will be served around 7:00 p.m. Be sure to bring your dinner ticket with you, as it is needed to not only verify that you are on our dinner list but also to let the servers know your choice of entrée. Tickets to the banquet cost $40 and needed to be purchased in advance. Students in competition for Awards of Excellence were invited to attend the banquet as guests of the Division by requesting a ticket in advance (at no charge). If you do not have a ticket but would like to attend the banquet, please check at the Registration Center to see if any tickets remain. Following dinner will be the announcement of the winners of the student Awards of Excellence. Student award winners are asked to stay until the end of the program so that photographs may be taken of the group. After announcement of the award winners, Dr. Alissa Arp (Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR) will give the Presidential Address, Scientific Art and Artful Science: Musings of an Arts and Sciences Dean. The evening is expected to end by about 9:30 p.m.

*The public is invited to attend this program at no charge. 20

MUSEUM of MAN RECEPTION Museum of Man, Balboa Park Wednesday 6:00 p.m.

This field trip (#4) departs from the front of KIPJ at 5:30 p.m.; returns about 9:30 p.m. The $15 fee includes transportation, entry to the Museum of Man, and reception. Sponsored by the Museum of Man in Balboa Park, this evening at the Museum of Man includes a reception and a special viewing of a new exhibit – Modern Day Mummy: The Art and Science of Mummification. The exhibit features Mumab, a modern day mummy preserved using ancient Egyptian techniques. Mumab is on permanent loan to the Museum of Man from the University of Maryland.

GENERAL SESSIONS Thursday, 16 June 2011

CLOSING CONVOCATION, ANNOUNCEMENTS, and RECEPTION 7th World Congress on Mummy Studies KIPJ Theatre Thursday 6:30 p.m.

GUIDO LOMBARDI (Laboratory of Paleopathology, Lima, Peru) Invitation to the 4th Meeting of Paleopathology in South America (PAMINSA IV), 2 – 5 November 2011, Lima, Peru. SHEILA MENDONÇA DE SOUZA (National School of Public Health, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and CLAUDIA RODRIGUES-CARVALHO (National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Announcement of the 8th World Congress on Mummy Studies, 2013 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. JANE BUIKSTRA (Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA) Announcement of the launching of the Journal of Paleopathology.

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SYMPOSIA – Sunday

TECHNICAL SESSIONS 1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number

I. SYMPOSIA Sunday, 12 June 2011

Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research KIPJ Theatre

Sunday 10:00 a.m. – Noon Organizers: Niels Lynnerup (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) and Frank Rühli (University of Zürich, Switzerland, Head of the Swiss Mummy Project).

11:45 12 Proposal for an Ethical Framework for Ancient Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI1*, BETTINA M. KREISSL LONFAT1, INA KAUFMANN1, and NIELS LYNNERUP2 (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2University of Copenhagen, Denmark). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 47 of these Proceedings.

Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium includes presentations on the ethical considerations of mummy research and display from diverse viewpoints. The historical and theoretical backgrounds are covered, and an ethical framework will be proposed. Session Co-chairs: Neils Lynnerup and Frank Rühli 10:15 7 Introduction to Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI1* and NIELS LYNNERUP2 (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2University of Copenhagen, Denmark). 10:30 8 Theoretical and Historical Background, BETTINA M. KREISSL LONFAT1, NIELS LYNNERUP2, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1* (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2 University of Copenhagen, Denmark). 10:45 9 Stakeholder Theory for Ancient Mummy Research, INA KAUFMANN* and FRANK J. RÜHLI (University of Zürich, Switzerland). 11:00 10 Who Decides What: Ethical Committees, Local Population, Politicians, Lawyers, or Scientists? NIELS LYNNERUP* and LISE HARVIG (University of Copenhagen, Denmark). 11:15 11 Death on Display: Lived Life and a Good Story, Ethical Considerations when Displaying Mummies for a New Museum, PAULINE ASINGH (Moesgaard Museum, Aarhus, Denmark). 11:30 11a An Historical Perspective on the Display of Egypt’s Royal Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt; [emailprotected]).

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1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Monday 12:00 LUNCH

Monday, 13 June 2011

The Forensic Science of Clinical Mental Health Counseling: The Theresa Lewis Case KIPJ Room E

Monday 8:00 a.m. – 5:15 p.m. Organizer: Ronn Johnson (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Psychology. Death penalty cases often contain mental health mitigating factors. CACREP is a counseling organization that accredits clinical mental health training programs. Among the CACREP standards are assessment, diagnosis, ethics, psychopathology, and forensic issues. Theresa Lewis was a death penalty case where the aforementioned forensic mental health factors were relevant. Lewis was the 12th woman to be executed in the United States since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976. She was convicted and sentenced to death in a murder for hire incident, with the two male co-conspirators receiving life sentences. The Theresa Lewis case is significant for two clinical mental health reasons. First, it provides a forensic mental health framework for the science-based application of various clinical tools. Second, there is an opportunity for examining the extent to which these mental health tools meet Daubert standards. This symposium includes a number of paper presentations that examine forensic mental health issues related to the Theresa Lewis case. Papers are presented in two’s followed immediately by a “counter viewpoint” facilitated by discussants that have been recruited in advance. Session Chair: Ronn Johnson 8:00 13 Overview and Wrap-up Questions for Forensic Mental Health in Death Penalty Cases, RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 8:45 14 Opposing Forensic Mental Health Reports in Death Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN*, BRIANNA J. BOWMAN*, and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 9:30 15 IQ as a Mitigating Factor in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTIN M. DASCANIO* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

1:15 18 Forensic Mental Health Cultural and Ethical Considerations in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 2:00 19 Behavioral Disorders or Mental Impairment not Contained in the DSM-IV-TR: Clinical and Forensic Implications, HEIDI BECKENBACH* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 2:45 BREAK 3:00 20 Clinical Mental Health Issues in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 3:45 21 Identifying, Securing, Organizing and Reviewing Mental Health Data in Death Penalty Cases, KELSEY R. CAMPION* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 4:30 22 Care of the Mental Health Professional in Death Penalty Cases, NICHOLAS F. O’MADDEN* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

7th Annual Symposium on Advances in Materials Science and Nanotechnology KIPJ Room 215

Monday 8:25 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Organizers: Panos Photinos (Department of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR) and Philip Collins (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Physics and Materials Science. Session Chair: Panos Photinos

10:15 BREAK

8:25 Opening Comments

10:30 16 Dependent Personality Disorder as a Mitigating Factor in Death Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

8:30 23 Single Molecule Lysozyme Dynamics Monitored by an Electronic Circuit, PATRICK C. SIMS*, YONGKI CHOI, STEVEN R. HUNT, ISSA MOODY, BRAD L. CORSO, GREGORY A. WEISS, and PHILIP G. COLLINS (University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA).

11:15 17 Forensic Mental Health Issues in Domestic Violence, SHARLAINE BROCKHOFF* and RONN JOHNSON (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

8:45 24 Scanning Gate Spectroscopy and Its Application to Carbon Nanotube Defects, ELLIOT J. FULLER*, STEVEN R. HUNT, BRAD L. CORSO, and PHILIP G. COLLINS (University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Monday 9:00 25 Experimental Measurements of Endogenous Electric Fields in MEMS Devices: Toward a Second Law Challenge, DANIEL P. SHEEHAN (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 9:15 26 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions, DANIEL P. SHEEHAN, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARAMELLA (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 9:30 27 Aspects of Quantization in Nucleation: The Bubble, K.M. GALDAMEZ (Tufts University, Medford, MA). 9:45 28 Rheological Measurements in the Isotropic, Nematic and Lamellar Phase of the Cesium Pentadecafluorooctanoate/H2O System, PANOS PHOTINOS (Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR).

Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part I KIPJ Rooms A and B

10:15 BREAK 10:30 31 Precision Measurements and Weak Values, ANDREW N. JORDAN (University of Rochester, Rochester, NY). 11:15 32 The Retrocausal Nature of Quantum Measurement Revealed by Partial and Weak Measurements, AVSHALOM C. ELITZUR (Iyar, The Israeli Institute for Advanced Research). 12:00 LUNCH 1:30 33 The Broken Symmetry of Time, RUTH E. KASTNER (University of Maryland, College Park, MD).

Program continues on Tuesday at 8:45 a.m. (refer to page 29 of these Proceedings)

2:15 34 Mechanism of the Quantum Speed-up, GIUSEPPE CASTAGNOLI (Elsag Bailey, Pieve Ligure, Italy).

Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Physics and Materials Science. Causation – the notion that earlier events affect later ones but not vice versa – undergirds our experience of reality and physical law. Although it is predicated on the forward unidirectionality of time, in fact, most physical laws are time symmetric; that is, they formally and equally admit both time-forward and time-reverse solutions. Time-reverse solutions would allow the future to influence the past, i.e., reverse (or retro-) causation. Why time-forward solutions are preferentially observed in nature remains an unresolved problem in physics. Laboratory evidence for reverse causation is intriguing but scarce; meanwhile, theoretical models for these results have not yet made deep enough connections with mainstream physics. Even the most basic physical constraints – e.g., whether reverse causation is best explained by energy transfers or simply by correlations without information exchange – remain open questions. This symposium will explore recent experiments, theory, and philosophical issues connected with retrocausation. In particular, it is hoped that this meeting will help generate comprehensive theoretical models by which experimental results can be understood, and stimulate new experiments and collaborations by which the underlying physics may be more clearly exposed. Session Chair: Garret Moddel (University of Colorado, Boulder, CO) 8:45 29 Constructing Retrocausal Models: Decision Points

9:30 30 Delayed Choice Experiments, the Arrow of Time, and Quantum Measurement, L.S. SCHULMAN (Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA).

Monday 8:45 a.m. – 4:45 p.m.

Organizer: Daniel P. Sheehan (Department of Physics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

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and Pitfalls, KEN WHARTON (San Jose State University, San Jose, CA).

3:00 BREAK 3:15 35 Cyclical Cosmology on a Mobius Strip, MICHAEL IBISON (Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, Austin, TX). 4:00 36 Understanding Retrocausality – and Losing a Wager, RICHARD SHOUP (Boundary Institute, San Jose, CA). 4:45 36a Pre and post-selection, weak measurements and the flow of time in quantum mechanics, JEFF TOLLAKSEN (Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA). Program continues on Tuesday at 8:45 a.m. Please refer to page 29 in these Proceedings.

Don’t Sign Your Life Away: Author’s Rights, Scientific Publishing, Digital Repositories, and the Case for Open Access KIPJ Room 217

Monday 9:00 a.m. – 3:20 p.m. Organizers: Amy Besnoy (Science Librarian/Copley Library, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA), Crystal Goldman (Academic Liaison Librarian, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, San Jose

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Monday State University, San Jose, CA), Pearl Ly (Natural Sciences Librarian, Kellogg Library, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA), and Steven Staninger (Business Librarian/Copley Library, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on General and Interdisciplinary Studies. This symposium and its accompanying workshop will focus on author’s rights, the legal background on copyright, the broad field of scientific publishing, and the benefits of open access to alleviate costs. Digital repositories will be discussed as a way for the academy to reclaim the ownership and dissemination of intellectual property. For information on the accompanying workshop, please turn to page 45 of these Proceedings. Session Chair: Amy Besnoy 9:00 Introductory Comments 9:05 37 Bibliometric Information Services for Computing, Interpreting and Reporting Research Productivity and Impact Indicators Using Cited Reference Enhanced Databases – Some Caveats for Librarians, PETER JACSO (University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI). 9:25 38 Bibliometric Analysis of the Production of Graduate Nursing Students: 2002-2009, VALERIA E. MOLTENI (San Jose State University, San José, CA). 9:45 39 HighWire’s Role in the Scholarly Publication Process, BONNIE ZAVON (Public Relations, HighWire Press, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA).

Session Chair: Pearl Ly 1:15 43 Communicating Science in the Future, PHILIP BOURNE (Editor in Chief, PLoS Comp. Biol. and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA). 1:45 44 Helping Users Find Versions of Record in the Scholarly Literature, CAROL ANNE MEYER (CrossRef, Lynnfield, MA). 2:05 BREAK 2:20 45 Maximizing the Potential Impact of Digital Repositories, CRYSTAL GOLDMAN (San Jose State University, San Jose, CA). 2:40 46 Building a Local Environmental Repository, STEPHEN STRATTON* and MELISSA MINDS VANDEBURGT* (California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA). 3:00 47 Building a Global Virtual Herbarium – From the Collection Book to the Computer Screen, LARRY SCHMIDT (University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY). 3:20 BREAK 3:45 Workshop: Finding Information in Open Access Journals. Please turn to page 45 of these Proceedings for information about this workshop.

10:15 BREAK

Panama Canal Expansion

Session Chair: Crystal Goldman 10:30 40 Retaining Authors’ Rights: Long-term Protection in Adopting New Habits for a Flexible Scholarly Future, JULIA GELFAND (University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA). 10:50 41 How Faculty in Higher Education Understand Copyright: A Multidisciplinary Study of Research and Teaching Universities and Community Colleges, PATRICK NEWELL (California State University Fresno Fresno, CA). 11:10 42 The Role of Librarians in the Protection of Author’s Rights and Copyright, IFEOMA ANN OLUWASEMILORE* and NGOZI BLESSING UKACHI (University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria). 11:30 LUNCH

KIPJ Room H

Monday 1:30 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. Organizer: Anne A. Sturz (Department of Marine Science and Environmental Studies, University of San Diego, San Diego CA). Program sponsored by the Pacific Division sections on Earth Sciences, General and Interdisciplinary Studies, and Sociology, Economics, and Political Sciences. The Panama Canal is a cornerstone of the global transportation system, connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean across the Isthmus of Panama. The original canal was completed and opened for shipping in 1914. Thirteen to fourteen thousand vessels use the Canal every year. Commercial transportation through the Canal represents approximately 5% of the world trade. The Canal has a work force of approximately nine thousand employees and operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The Panama Canal Authority is undertaking construction of new locks, new water reutilization basins, plus widening and deepening existing navigational

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Monday channels. Anticipated completion of the Panama Canal Expansion is in 2014, marking the 100th anniversary of Canal operations. Speakers contributing to this symposium will discuss the history, geological parameters and sociological implications of the Canal. Session Chair: Anne A. Sturz 1:30 Introductory Comments, ANNE A. STURZ 1:40 48 General Overview of the History of the Panama Canal, J. DAVID ROGERS (Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO). 2:10 49 The History of the Panama Canal: An Imperial/Latin American Counterpoint, MARÍA BÁRBARA ZEPEDA CORTÉS (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 2:40 50 Sociological Aspects of the Panama Canal, Thomas Reifer (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 3:10 BREAK 3:30 51 Landslides of the Panama Canal, J. DAVID ROGERS (Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO). 4:00 52 General Overview of the Panama Canal Expansion Project, ELDON GATH (Earth Consultants International, Santa Ana, CA).

Session Chairs: Halina Duraj and Robert Louis Chianese 1:30 Welcome and Introductions 1:40 55 Whither Hypertext? Electronic Literature and the Literary Canon, HUGH BURKHART (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 2:10 56 Exploring the Labyrinth: Typography and Reader Engagement in House of Leaves, ALISON PEARL (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). 2:40 57 The [ ] Project: How Hypermedia Can Reshape the Critical Essay, ROBERT GLICK (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). 3:10 BREAK 3:30 58 Ethnopoetics and Ethnography of the Oral Tradition, CARL A. MAIDA (University of California, Los Angeles, CA). 4:00 59 Poetry, Science, and Ecological Language: the Description of Birds, ROBERT LOUIS CHIANESE (California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA). 4:30 Wrap-up and Additional Questions

4:30 53 Tectonic Geomorphic and Paleoseismic Investigations of the Pedro Miguel Fault for the Panama Canal Expansion Project, ELDON GATH (Earth Consultants International, Santa Ana, CA). 5:00 54 Historical Earthquake Activity in Central Panama, TANIA GONZALEZ (Earth Consultants International, Inc., Santa Ana, CA).

New Humanities and Science Convergences: New Languages for New Realities: Literature, Poetry, and Hypertext KIPJ Room F

Monday 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Program Organizers: Robert Louis Chianese (California State University, Northridge), Halina Duraj (University of San Diego), and Carl A. Maida (University of California, Los Angeles). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on General and Interdisciplinary Studies.

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1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Tuesday America, ALFREDO ALTAMIRANO (San Marcos University, Lima, Perú).

Tuesday, 14 June 2011

Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified Remains: From Iconographical Sources to Modern Day Techniques KIPJ Theatre

Tuesday 8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Organizers: Andreas G. Nerlich (Institute for Pathology, Klinikum München-Bogenhausen, München, Germany) and Raffaella Bianucci (Laboratory of Criminalistic Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Legal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium includes an overview of the current microbiology of present-day leishmaniasis as both a local and systemic disease dependent on the parasite strain. Molecular investigations on modern strains will provide first clues as to the origin and potential evolution of the pathogens. The symposium includes presentations on the most recent findings of Old and New World leishmaniasis in mummies and skeletonized human remains, shedding light on the distribution and strain differences during antiquity. Session Co-chairs: Andreas G. Nerlich and Raffaella Bianucci 8:00 60 Introduction to Human Leishmaniasis in Mummified Remains: From Iconographical Sources to Modern Day Techniques, ANDREAS G. NERLICH1* and RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI2,3,4 (1Academic Teaching Hospital München-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany; 2University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 3University of Marseilles, Marseilles, France; 4University of Pisa, Italy). 8:15 61 Molecular Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Evolution of Leishmania, GABRIELE SCHOENIAN (Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany). 8:30 62 The Unresolved Origins of Leishmaniasis: a Phylogenetic Perspective, KELLY M. HARKINS (Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ). 8:45 63 Evolutionary Origin of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) Based on Fossil Evidence and Potential Evolution of Host-Leishmania Interactions in the Old and the New World, REGINALDO PEÇANHA BRAZIL1* and JOSÉ D. ANDRADE FILHO2 (1Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Centro de Pesquisas Rená Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil). 9:00 64 Iconography of Mochica Leishmaniasis in Ancient Peru, ALFREDO ALTAMIRANO (San Marcos University, Lima, Perú).

9:30 66 Molecular Identification of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ancient Egyptian and Nubian Tissue Samples, ANDREAS G. NERLICH1*, MARK SPIGELMAN2,3, BETTINA SCHRAUT1, CHARLES L. GREENBLATT2, ALBERT ZINK1,4, and HELEN D. DONOGHUE5 (1Academic Teaching Hospital München-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany; 2The Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel; 3University College, University of London, England; 4EURAC Bolzano, Italy; 5University College London, London, UK). 9:45 67 First Evidence of Leishmania infantum/Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-infection from Renaissance Europe, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI1,2,9*, ANDREAS G. NERLICH3, ABIGAIL BOUWMAN4, CHARLOTTE ROBERTS4, GABRIELE SCHOENIAN5, ANNA TRISCIUOGLIO6, CARSTEN M. PUSCH7, MARKUS BALL7, BEATRICE BACHMEIER8, EZIO FERROGLIO6, VALENTINA GIUFFRA9, SANDRA LOESCH3,10, and GINO FORNACIARI9 (1University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 2University of Marseilles, Marseilles, France; 3Academic Teaching Hospital München-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany; 4 University of Durham, United Kingdom; 5Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; 6University of Turin, Italy; 7 University of Tübingen, Germany; 8University of Munich, Germany; 9University of Pisa, Italy; 10University of Bern, Switzerland). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 30 of these Proceedings.

Geophysical Turbulence KIPJ Room E

Tuesday 8:10 a.m. – 4:40 p.m. Organizers: Frank G. Jacobitz (Mechanical Engineering Program, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA), Harinda Joseph S. Fernando (Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN), and Kai Schneider (Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres, Université de Provence, Marseille, France). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences. Turbulent motion in the geophysical environment is important for transport and mixing processes of natural and anthropogenic quantities, including momentum, heat, nutrients, or pollutants. In turn, velocity shear, density stratification, and system rotation present in the geophysical system affect properties of the turbulent motion. This symposium invites participants from a variety of backgrounds and employing various techniques to share their insights into the dynamics of turbulence.

9:15 65 Review of Paleopathology of Leishmaniasis in South

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Tuesday Session Chair: Frank G. Jacobitz 8:10 Introductory Comments, FRANK G. JACOBITZ 8:15 68 Invited Presentation: Turbulent Rotating Convection, HERMAN CLERCX (Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). 9:00 69 Numerical Simulations of Stratified and Rotating Turbulence using Feature Extraction, ERIC AROBONE* and SUTANU SARKAR (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 9:25 70 Interactions of Building Flows and Influence of Tall Buildings on Ground Level Concentration, HANSHENG PAN*, MARKO PRINCEVAC, and CHRISTIAN BARTOLOME (University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA). 9:50 BREAK 10:20 71 An Application of a Simple Free Convection Model to the Fire Flickering Phenomenon, TREVOR MAYNARD* and MARKO PRINCEVAC (University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA). 10:45 72 Laboratory Measurements and Sensitivity Modeling of the Thermodynamic and Droplet Characteristics of Superfog, CHRISTIAN BARTOLOME1*, MARKO PRINCEVAC1, AKULA VENKATRAM1, SHANKAR MAHALINGAM2, DAVID R. WEISE3, GARY ACHTEMEIER4, HENRY VU1, and GUILLERMO AGUILAR1 (1University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA; 2University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL; 3PSW Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA; 4Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens,GA).

WOUTER BOS2, MARIE FARGE3, FRANK JACOBITZ4, YUKIO KANDEA5, LUKAS LIECHTENSTEIN6, NAOYA OKAMOTO5, and KATSUNORI YOSHIMATSU5 (1Université de Provence, Marseille, France; 2 Ecole Centrale Lyon, France; 3Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France; 4University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; 5Nagoya University, Japan; 6Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France). 2:20 77 On Helical Properties of Homogeneous Turbulence, FRANK G JACOBITZ*1, KAI SCHNEIDER2, WOUTER J.T. BOS3, and MARIE FARGE4 (1University of San Diego, San Diego, CA; 2Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; 3Ecole Centrale de Lyon - Universite de Lyon, Ecully, France; 4Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France). 2:45 78 Turbulence in the Near Wake of Strongly Stratified Flow Around a Sphere, KYLE A. BRUCKER*, THOMAS T. O’SHEA, JAMES W. ROTTMAN, and DOUGLAS G. DOMMERMUTH (Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, CA). 3:10 BREAK 3:30 79 Evening Transition in Complex Terrain, H.J.S. FERNANDO1, L. LEO2, S. DISABATINO2, and A. DALLMAN1 (1University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN; 2Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy). 3:55 80 Invited Presentation: What is Geophysical Turbulence and Which Way Does it Cascade? CARL H. GIBSON (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA).

11:10 73 Development of the Urban Nocturnal Boundary Layer, SAM POURNAZERI*, MARKO PRINCEVAC, AKULA VENKATRAM, SI TAN, and NICO SCHULTE (University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA).

Antarctic Ice Is Nice

11:35 74 Systematic Modeling of the Effects of Sound Barriers on the Dispersion From Roadways, BRANDN GAZZOLO*, SAM POURNAZERI, and MARKO PRINCEVAC (University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA).

Organizers: Ronald S. Kaufmann and Anne A. Sturz (Marine Science and Environmental Studies Department, University of San Diego, San Diego CA).

1:30 75 Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low Level Sources in Urban Areas, MARKO PRINCEVAC*, SAM POURNAZERI, and AKULA VENKATRAM (University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA). 1:55 76 Scale-dependent and Directional Statistics in Anisotropic Turbulence using Wavelets, KAI SCHNEIDER1*,

Tuesday 8:20 a.m. – Noon

Program sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences.

12:00 LUNCH

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KIPJ Room H

This symposium includes an examination of Antarctic ice and associated ecosystems. The impact of global warming on polar regions has been the subject of considerable recent research. In particular, warming in West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula has been correlated with retreating glaciers, resulting in significant loss of ice mass over the past decade (Rignot et al., 2008). Antarctic glaciers have been accelerating (Pritchard and Vaughan, 2007), changing the dynamics of the continental ice sheet. In addition, ice shelves around the Antarctic continent have been breaking up, with

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Tuesday increased occurrences of large icebergs originating from ice shelves in the Ross, Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas (e.g. Scambos et al, 2000; Bindschadler and Rignot, 2001; Ballantyne, 2002; Long et al., 2002). Changing ice cover and the increased production of icebergs can affect physical and biological processes on the Antarctic continent and in the Southern Ocean. Speakers contributing to this symposium will discuss distribution of Antarctic glaciers, subglacial lakes, sea ice, currents affecting ice transport, effects of icebergs on water column structure and biological communities in the Southern Ocean. Program Co-chairs: Anne A. Sturz and Ronald S. Kaufmann. 8:20 Opening Remarks ANNE A. STURZ and RONALD S. KAUFMANN 8:30 81 Elevation Changes on Antarctica’s Ice Shelves, FERNANDO S. PAOLO1*, HELEN A. FRICKER1, and LAURIE PADMAN2 (1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA; 2Earth and Space Research, Corvallis, OR). 9:00 82 Cooling, Dilution and Mixing of Ocean Water by Freedrifting Icebergs in the Weddell Sea, JOHN HELLY (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 9:30 83 Subsurface Melting of a Free-Floating Antarctic Iceberg, Gordon R. Stephenson, Jr.*, Janet Sprintall, Sarah T. Gille, Maria Vernet, John J. Helly, and Ronald S. Kaufmann (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 10:00 BREAK 10:30 84 From Enigmatic Extremophile Environment to a Window on the Workings of a Water System: Antarctica’s Subglacial Lakes and Waterways, Sasha Carter (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA). 11:00 85 The Effect of Free-Drifting Icebergs on the Physiology of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba, in the Southern Ocean, Danielle N. Garcia*, Ronald S. Kaufmann, and Mary Sue Lowery (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 11:30 86 Composition and Structure of Macrozooplankton and Micronekton Communities in the Vicinity of FreeDrifting Icebergs in the Southern Ocean, RONALD S. KAUFMANN1*, ROB E. SHERLOCK2, STEPHANIE L. BUSH3, KAREN J. OSBORN4, DANIELLE N. GARCIA1, KIM R. REISENBICHLER2, MARY S. LOWERY1, BRUCE H. ROBISON2, and KENNETH L. SMITH, JR.2 (1University of San Diego, San Diego, CA; 2 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA; 3University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; 4University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA).

Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part II KIPJ Rooms A and B Tuesday 8:45 a.m. – 4:15 p.m.

This program is continuing from Monday. Please refer to page 24 in these Proceedings for the program description.

Session Chair: Michael Ibison 8:45 87 Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Human Cognition and Affect, DARYL J. BEM (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY). 9:30 88 Retrocausal Effects as a Consequence of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics Refined to Accommodate The Principle of Sufficient Reason, HENRY P. STAPP (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA). 10:15 BREAK 10:30 89 Laboratory Demonstration of Retrocausation in a Digital System, GARRET MODDEL1*, ZIXU ZHU1, and ADAM M. CURRY2 (1University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; 2Psyleron, Inc., Princeton, NJ). 11:15 90 Electrocortical Evidence for Retrocausation, DEAN RADIN1*, CASSANDRA VIETEN1, LEENA MICHEL1, and ARNAUD DELORME2 (1Institute of Noetic Sciences, Petaluma, CA; 2University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 12:00 LUNCH 1:00 91 Retrocausation, Consistency, and the Bilking Paradox, YORK DOBYNS (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ). 1:45 92 Toward a Classical Thermodynamic Model for Precognition, EDWIN C. MAY (Laboratories for Fundamental Research, Palo Alto, CA). 2:30 BREAK 2:45 93 Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory, FRED ALAN WOLF (Have Brains / Will Travel: a Global Quantum Physics Educational Company, San Francisco CA). 3:30 94 Retroactive Event Determination and Its Relativistic Roots, SKY E. NELSON (Santa Rosa, CA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Tuesday

The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part I KIPJ Rooms C and D Tuesday 8:45 a.m. – 4:15 p.m.

Program continues on Wednesday at 8:15 a.m. (refer to page 37 of these Proceedings)

Organizer: Daniel P. Sheehan (Department of Physics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Physics and Materials Science. The second law of thermodynamics is considered one of the central principles of science, engineering and technology. Since its discovery 185 years ago, no counter-example has been recognized by the scientific community, and its status is generally considered absolute. During the last two decades, however, it has come under unprecedented scrutiny by research groups worldwide, as evidenced by the more than two dozen distinct challenges advanced against it in over 60 articles. Several of these challenges have moved into laboratory testing. In this symposium, the current experimental and theoretical status of second law will be examined. Topics will include nonequilibrium systems, Maxwell’s demon, decoherence, and the thermodynamic arrow of time. Emphasis will be given to current and proposed experiments addressing questions of second law universality. It is hoped this meeting will generate new theoretical models by which emerging experimental results can be understood, and stimulate new experiments and collaborations by which the underlying physics of the second law may be more fully exposed. Session Chair: Harvey Leff (California State Polytechnic University) 8:45 95 Second Law Violation for Non-Ergodic Interactions, L. S. SCHULMAN (Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA). 9:30 96 Reduced Statistical Fluctuations for an Object in a Partitioned Environment, E. DELRE1,2, P. DIPORTO2, S. DI SABATINO1, and B. CROSIGNANI3* (1University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy; 2University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; 3California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA).

10:30 97 A Thermodynamic Time-Arrow for Single Particle Interactions? AVSHALOM C. ELITZUR1*, ELIAHU COHEN2, and PAZ BENIAMINI3 (1Iyar, The Israeli Institute for Advanced Research; 2Tel-Aviv University; 3Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel). 11:15 98 The Repelling Bose String, J.B. McGUIRE (Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton FL).

1:00 99 The Quantum Solar Cell: Using Quantum Thermodynamics to Mitigate Recombination and Enhance Efficiency, KONSTANTIN E. DORFMAN*, MARLAN O. SCULLY, and ANATOLY A. SVISZINSKY (Texas A&M University, College Station, TX and Princeton University, Princeton, NJ). 1:45 100 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions, D.P. SHEEHAN*, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARAMELLA (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 2:30 BREAK 2:45 101 Experimental Evidence Violating Laws of Thermodynamics In Magnetostrictive Materials, GERALD PELLEGRINI (Northeastern University, Boston, MA). 3:30 102 The Proell Effect: A Macroscopic Maxwell’s Demon, KENNETH M. RAUEN (Lubbock, TX).

Technical Studies on the Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy KIPJ Theatre

Tuesday 10:30 a.m. – Noon. Organizers: Anita Petty (Digital Operations, 3M Unitek, Albuquerque, New Mexico) and Marvin Rowe (Conservation Lab, Museum of New Mexico and Science Program, Texas A&M University). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium presents the results of analysis of the head of an Egyptian child mummy collected from Egypt during the 1920 Shelton Expedition. Included will be the chemical analysis of the resin on the wrapping, the radiocarbon dating by non-destructive plasma oxidation, and X-ray fluorescence of the head. Session Chair: Bob Brier

10:15 BREAK

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12:00 LUNCH

10:30 103 Digital Extraction of Surface Volumes Rendered from the CT Scans of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy, ANITA PETTY (3M Unitek, Albuquerque, NM). 10:45 104 Chemical Analysis of the Resin on Wrappings of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy, DAVE SEAPY1, ADEL SAIED1, MARVIN ROWE1,2*, and ANITA PETTY3 (1Texas A&M University (Qatar campus); 2Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, NM; 33M Unitek, Albuquerque, NM).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Tuesday 11:00 105 Radiocarbon Dating of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy Using Plasma Oxidation, MARVIN ROWE1,2*, KAREN L. STEELMAN3, JERRY KING4, and ANITA PETTY5 (1Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, NM; 2Texas A&M University Qatar, Doha Qatar; 3Central Arkansas University, Conway, AR; 4University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; 53M Unitek, Albuquerque, NM).

Einstein played the violin. The purpose of this symposium is to bring people artificially separated by modern academic disciplines together to re-explore the common ground shared by math, science, engineering, and music.

11:15 106 Nondestructive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy, MARVIN ROWE1,2*, ANITA PETTY3, and MARK MACKENZIE1 (1Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, NM; 2Texas A&M University Qatar, Doha Qatar; 33M Unitek, Albuquerque, NM).

1:15 Introductory Comments, THOMAS F. SCHUBERT

11:30 107 An Analysis of Mummified Intracranial Content, OTTO APPENZELLER1*, MIKE SPILDE2, ANITA PETTY3, CLIFFORD QUALLS4, GENEVIEVE PHILLIPS5, PETER APPENZELLER6, and BOB BRIER7 (1NMHEMC Research Foundation, Albuquerque NM; 2 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; 33M Unitek, Albuquerque, NM; 4University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; 5University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; 6 Tricore Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM; 7Long Island University, Greenvale, NY).

11:45 108 Special Invited Lecture: The Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary Islands, Spain, Conrado Rodríguez Martín, Pablo Atoche, and Angeles Ramírez (1Instituto Canario de Bioantropologia (OAMC-Cabildo de Tenerife); 2Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 32 of these Proceedings.

Music and the Sciences: Synergies Among Musical Arts, Math, Science, and Engineering KIPJ Room F

Tuesday 1:15 p.m. – 5:10 p.m.

Session Co-chairs: Thomas F. Schubert and Ani P. Velo

1:30 109 Music, Expectation, and Information Gareth Loy (San Rafael, CA).

Theory,

1:55 110 Restoration of Musical Meter from Memory: How We Represent Musical Styles? SARAH C. CREEL (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 2:20 111 A Seventeenth-Century Mathematical History of Tuning the Musical Scale, John F. Bukowski (Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA). 2:45 112 Generation and Analysis of Heptatonic Harmonic Scales, JOHN H. CHALMERS (Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 3:10 BREAK 3:30 113 Temperament of Mind: Hector Berlioz and Evariste Galois, Jeff Johannes (State University College of Arts and Sciences, Geneseo, NY). 3:55 114 An Analytical Oboe Design, RONALD L. FOX* and E. RANDOLPH HAGER* (Retired, General Atomics, La Jolla, CA). 4:20 115 Using Vocal Spectroscopy to Take the Guesswork Out of Powerful Singing, Ronald Shaheen (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 4:45 116 Objective and Subjective Analyses of the Steel-String Acoustic Guitar, DAVID M. MALICKY (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

Organizer: Thomas F. Schubert (Department of Engineering, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA) and Ani P. Velo (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on General and Interdisciplinary Studies. The linkage between science and music is not a new concept; throughout much of western history, science and art were each considered as philosophy. Aristotle’s exploration of the physical world led him to study musical scales, modes, and harmonic relationships with the use of weights. Galileo’s father was a famous musician and

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Tuesday

Science Education and Civic Engagement KIPJ Room G

Tuesday 1:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Organizers: Amy Shachter (Associate Provost, Research and Academic Affairs, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA) and Steve Bachofer (Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s College, Moraga, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Science and Technology Education. This symposium will provide examples of courses that link science education and civic engagement. Included will be examples of courses designed to improve science education by helping to develop and strengthen efforts that teach through complex social issues to the basic science necessary to comprehend and intelligently act on them. Courses that foster student engagement in the community to create a greater sense of place and responsibility will also be highlighted. Session Chair: Amy Shachter 1:15 117 What are the Benefits of Taking the Lab Outside? STEVEN BACHOFER (Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA). 1:45 118 Using Course-Specific Student Course Evaluations to Drive Learning-Centered Teaching, STEPHEN CARROLL1* and MELISSA GANUS2 (1Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA; 2Seattle Community Colleges, Seattle, WA). 2:15 119 Preservice Science Teachers Think About Science and Teaching, CAROLYN VIVIANO (Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA). 2:45 120 Community Guest Speakers Show Forensics Students How to Become More Involved in Preventing Campus Crimes, VIRGINIA R. CARSON (Chapman University, Orange, CA). 3:15 BREAK 3:30 121 Science Education in Rural America: SENCER Related Learning Outcomes and Attitudes in Chemistry Courses for Non-majors, GREGORY S. VAN DOREN1 and LAWRENCE K. DUFFY2* (1White Earth Tribal and Community College, Mahnomen, MN; 2University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK). 4:00 122 Metacognitive Learning: Enhancing Performance by Teaching Students HOW to Learn, STEPHEN CARROLL1* and MELISSA GANUS2, (1Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA; 2Seattle Community Colleges, Seattle, WA).

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4:30 123 Applying the Innovation Diffusion Model to Science Education Reform: What can SENCER and Other Reform Efforts Learn? AMY SHACHTER (Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA).

Human Experimental Mummification KIPJ Theatre

Tuesday 1:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m. Organizers: Frank J. Rühli (Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland, Head of the Swiss Mummy Project) and Christina Papageorgopoulou (Research Assistant, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. Artificial mummification methods have been developed in many parts of the world with that of the Ancient Egyptians being among the most successful. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to explore this process on an experimental basis. This symposium aims to present the results of a large project which tried experimentally to reconstruct the ancient Egyptian mummification method by applying evidence-based diagnostic criteria and state-of-the-art methodology, and to bring researchers together who have conducted similar experiments on animal and human tissues. Session Co-chairs: Frank J. Rühli and Christina Papageorgopoulou 1:30 124 Introduction: Human Experimental Mummification, FRANK J. RÜHLI* and CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU (University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland). 1:45 125 Human Mummification: The Experimental Approach, BOB BRIER (Long Island University, Greenvale, NY). 2:00 126 Post-mortem Alterations of Mummified Human Tissue under Experimental Setting, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU*, NATALLIA SHVED, and FRANK J. RÜHLI (University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland). 2:15 127 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Method Using Evidence Based Methodology: Histological Analysis, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU*, NATALLIA SHVED, JOHANN WANEK, GIOVANNI COLACICCO, and FRANK J. RÜHLI (University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland). 2:30 128 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Methods Using Evidence Based Methodology: MRI, CT Analysis, STEPHANIE PANZER1, JOHANN WANEK2, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU2, NATALLIA SHVED2, GIOVANNI COLACICCO2, and FRANK J. RÜHLI2* (1Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany; 2University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Tuesday 2:45 129 Swiss Mummy Project: Experimental Human Tissue Mummification and Post-mortem DNA Degradation, NATALLIA SHVED, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU, KATJA PAULSEN, CORDULA HAAS, and FRANK J. RÜHLI (University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland). 3:00 BREAK 3:30 130 Experimental Human Ice Mummification for Conservation and Taphonomic Studies, E. EGARTER VIGL1, ANGELA GRAEFEN2*, MARCO SAMADELLI2, FRANK MAIXNER2, ASTRID GRUMER2, and ALBERT ZINK2 (1General Hospital Bolzano, Italy; 2 EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy). 3:45 131 Experimental Archaeology for the Interpretation of Taphonomy Related to Bog Bodies: Lessons Learned from Two Projects Undertaken a Decade Apart, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING1* and COLLEEN HEALEY2 (1Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany; 2Independent Conservator, Ottawa, Canada). 4:00 132 Sheep and Cats and Cows, Oh My!: Experimental Mummification, SALIMA IKRAM (American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt).

Session Chair: Veronica Galván 1:30 133 The Journey So Far, CINDY de GRUCHY (Cofounder, The Fragile X Center of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 2:00 134 Translating Fragile X, PETER W. VANDERKLISH1*, JOHN B. FARNUM1, JULIE PILOTTE1, and VERONICA GALVÁN2 (1The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; 2University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 2:30 135 OSWALD STEWARD* et al. (University of California, Irvine, CA). 3:00 BREAK

The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 34 of these Proceedings.

Session Chair: Peter Vanderklish

Fragile X Syndrome: Advances In Our Understanding of a Common Cause of Retardation and Autism

3:20 136 Defective GABAergic Neurotransmission and Pharmacological Rescue of Neuronal Hyperexcitability in the Amygdala in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome, MOLLY M. HUNTSMAN1*, JOSE LUIS OLMOS-SERRANO1, SCOTT M. PALUSZKIEWICZ1,2, BRANDON S. MARTIN1,2, WALTER E. KAUFMANN3, and JOSHUA G. CORBIN1 (1Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA; 2Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; 3Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD).

KIPJ Rooms H and I

Tuesday, 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Organizers: Veronica V. Galván (Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA) and Peter W. Vanderklish (Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Health Sciences. Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of mental retardation and the leading known cause of Autism. Many affected individuals also suffer from anxiety, attention deficit, hyperactivity, obsessive-compulsive disorders, developmental seizures and subtle physical symptoms. These wide ranging symptoms are caused by the silencing of a single gene, denoted Fmr1. In unaffected individuals, this gene is active and produces a protein (FMRP) that regulates the de novo synthesis of hundreds of other proteins at synapses. Intensive, multidisciplinary studies of FMRP and synaptic dysfunctions that arise from its absence in Fragile X syndrome have provided exciting insights

into the neural basis of this syndrome that may also apply to other causes of Autism. These efforts have led to candidate therapies while also advancing our basic understanding of the mechanisms that control neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. This symposium will provide a forum for scientists, teachers, students, and interested lay public to hear both an introduction to Fragile X from parents of affected children and a series of talks from scientists that will present some of the latest research in the field. Scientific topics will include the molecular basis of synaptic dysfunction in Fragile X syndrome, alterations in synaptic plasticity and aggregate neural activity, and potential therapeutic strategies. Further information and resources will be made available by the FRAXA Research Foundation, an organization founded by parents that funds Fragile X research and has been instrumental in advancing the field by supporting scientists to find a cure.

3:50 137 Impairments in the Pathways that Regulate the Spine Actin Cytoskeleton in a Mouse Model of Fragile X, JULIE C. LAUTERBORN*, GARY LYNCH, and CHRISTINE M. GALL (University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA). 4:20 138 Long-lasting Effects of Minocycline on Behavior in Neonatal and Adult Fragile X Mice, Iryna M. Ethell1*, Lorraine Dansie1, Kelly Phommahaxay1, Sarah Rotschafer2, Khaleel Razak2, and Douglas W. Ethell3 (1,2University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA; 3Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA). 4:50 Open Discussion

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Tuesday

Mummy Research in the Electronic Age KIPJ Theatre

Tuesday 4:15 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Organizers: S. J. Wolfe (American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA) and Jasmine Day (The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium covers the recent digitization of many 19th century periodicals that have revealed a flood of mummy fiction, including poetry, plays, and novels. Session Chair and Commentator: David A. Rawson (Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA) 4:15 139 Introduction: The New Age of Research: Digitization and Electronic Access, DAVID A. RAWSON (Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA). 4:30 140 The Mythology of Mummy Paper: Deconstructing an Urban Legend, S. J. WOLFE (American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA). 4:45 141 The Mummy Speaks: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Mummy in Literature, Theatre and Politics, JASMINE DAY (The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia).

aDNA and Associated Biomolecules

Session Co-Chairs: Mark Spigelman and Dong Hoon Shin 5:15 142 Ancient DNA and Parasites from Korean Mummies, DONG HOON SHIN1*, MYEUNG JU KIM2, YI-SUK KIM3, CHANG SEOK OH1, and MIN SEO4 (1Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 2 Dankook University, College of Medicine, Choenan, Korea; 3Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 4Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea). 5:30 143 Mummy Response to Pathogens, GILA KAHILA BAR-GAL1*, ANAT LICHTER-PELED1, and MARK SPIGELMAN2 (1The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; 2University College London, London, UK and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem Israel). 5:45 144 Analysis of Ancient Mummy DNA – Problems and Perspectives, ALBERT ZINK*, ANGELA GRAEFEN, CHRISTIAN MITTERER, and FRANK MAIXNER (EURAC – Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy). 6:00 145 Progress Report on the Progress of Scientific Studies of Three Large Mummy Collections: Results and Prospects, MARK SPIGELMAN (University College London, London, UK and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel). 6:15 146 Panel Discussion on the Importance of aDNA and Biomolecules in the Study of Ancient Mummies, MARK SPIGELMAN1* and DONG HOON SHIN2* (1University College London, London, UK and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; 2Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea and Dankook University, Choenan, Korea).

KIPJ Theatre

Tuesday 5:15 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. Organizers: Mark Spigelman (Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College, London, UK, and The Kuvin Centre, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) and Dong Hoon Shin (Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, and Dankook University, Choenan, Korea). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium will discuss how aDNA and associated biomolecues form an important and growing part of research associated with mummy studies and how they contribute to a better understanding of the life and death of people that were mummified. As this research is potentially destructive, the symposium will show how to biopsy mummies using minimally destructive/intrusive methodology as well as trying to establish baselines and protocols on how/what to sample.

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1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Wednesday

United States and World Fairs

Wednesday, 15 June 2011

KIPJ, Room B

Wednesday 8:30 a.m. – 5:45 p.m.

Princess Takabuti – Analysis, Interpretation, and Visualization KIPJ Theatre

Organizer: Alan L. Bain (Emeritus Certified Archivist; Volunteer, National Anthropological Archives; Retired Archivist, Smithsonian Institution Archives).

Organizer: Caroline Wilkinson (Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland).

Program sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology.

Wednesday 8:00 a.m. – 9:15 a.m.

Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium relates the study of “Princess” Takabuti, an Egyptian mummy from the Ulster Museum in Belfast, Ireland. This was the first mummy to be displayed in Ireland (1835) and has been the highlight of the Ulster’s Egyptian collection. In 2008, the mummy was taken to the University of Manchester where Rosalie David and a team of scientists analyzed the mummy for evidence of disease, diet, lifestyle, lifespan, status, and religious practices. Caroline Wilkinson from the University of Dundee created a 3-D reconstruction of the mummy’s face. See Facial Analysis and Depiction of Preserved Remains on page 37 for a continuation of this topic. Session Chair: Caroline Wilkinson 8:00 147 Introduction to the Takabuti Project, JENEFER COCKITT* and A.R. DAVID (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 8:15 148 The Mummy of the Ancient Egyptian Noblewoman, Takabuti of Thebes, WINIFRED GLOVER (Ulster Museum, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK). 8:30 149 Imagine Takabuti: Radiology and Osteology, JUDITH E. ADAMS1* and EILEEN M. MURPHY2 (1The Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK; 2Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, UK). 8:45 150 Reconstruction of the Face of Princess Takabuti, CAROLINE WILKINSON, SARAH SHRIMPTON, and JANICE P. AITKEN (University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland). 9:00 151 Show Me the Mummy – the Face of Takabuti, CAROLINE WILKINSON (University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 37 of these Proceedings.

World fairs are good fun and food. But, that is not all. Fairs are complex events that contain multiple ideas and meanings to the directors and managers, business community, the audience, participants, exhibitors and government administrators. They reflect themes of technological and industrial advance, empire and colony, racism and research, self-image, respect and independence. This symposium covers a wide-range of topics and fairs documenting Asia and Asian American communities represented at the fairs, the reasons for the collections of ethnological material and other artifacts and what happened to them, Californians response to the Panama-Pacific Exposition, mummies on display, how Native Americans were represented and how the Japanese depicted the Ainu. Anthropologists, historians and archivists will participate at this symposium. In addition to the above, there will be a discussion on the use of archives to document fairs, the information they contain, and the continuous need to acquire additional records and special collections. Session Chair: Robert W. Rydell 8:30 Opening Comments, ROBERT W. RYDELL (Montana State University, Bozeman, MT). 8:45 152 Writing the History of World’s Fairs, JAMES G. GILBERT (Distinguished University Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 9:15 153 Asian Americans and Asian Nations at U. S. World Fairs, 1876-1915, BENNET BRONSON (Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee. Bainbridge Island, WA). 9:45 Question and Answer Period 10:00 BREAK 10:20 154 Living ‘Cliff Dwellers’ at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition: An Enduring Metaphor of a 21st Century Indigenous People, LARS KRUTAK (National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC). 10:50 155 A Publicly Ethereal Manifestation: Chicago, Anthropology, and the World’s Columbian Exposition, STEPHEN E. NASH (Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO). 11:10 Question and Answer Period

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Wednesday 11:25 LUNCH 1:00 156 Mummies in Context: Displays of Human Remains at World’s Fairs in the United States, SAMUEL REDMAN (University of California, Berkeley, CA). 1:30 157 Platform for Immigration Battles: Chinese Americans at World Fairs before 1920, CHUIMEI HO (Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee, Bainbridge Island, WA). 2:00 158 Documenting the New Colony through its Objects: The Smithsonian’s Philippine Collections from the early 20th Century International Fairs, PATRICIA O. AFABLE (Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC). 2:30 Question and Answer Period 2:45 BREAK 3:05 159 Performers, Interpreters, and the Showman Onstage and Offstage at the Pay Streak’s ‘Igorrote Village’, DEANA WEIBEL1 and PATRICIA O. AFABLE2 (1Grand Valley State University, Allendale MI; 2Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC). 4:05 160 Defining a Californian: Visions of California at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, ABIGAIL MARKWYN (Carroll University, Waukesha, WI). 4:35 161 The Legacy of an Ainu Activist, Kayano Shigeru: His Lifelong Efforts to Save Ainu Heritage, YOSHIKO YAMAMOTO (San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA). 5:05 162 World’s Fairs as Special Collections, TAMMY LAU (California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA). 5:25 Question and Answer Period

Pathways to Science: Promoting Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom KIPJ Room A

Wednesday 8:30 a.m. – Noon Organizers: Carl A. Maida (University of California, Los Angeles) and Paul Heckman (University of California, Davis). Sponsored by the Education Section and the Education Committee of the AAAS, Pacific Division. This session will combine didactic, experiential, and reflective

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activities – essential elements in Inquiry-Based Learning – to engage audience members, including K-14 teachers and informal science educators, and presenters in a professional learning community experience. The intent is to provide an opportunity for collaborative inquiry and the learning related to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) in out-of-school-time settings. While increasing numbers of students start college with plans to major in the STEM fields, their completion rates are lagging, especially among under-represented minorities. Generating and sustaining interest in a scientific career will require engaging students in STEM learning activities outside of the classroom, such as collaborating with their peers on group projects in after-school programs and science clubs. This workshop will consider ways to increase students’ scientific literacy through involvement in project-based learning – that is also inquiry-based – in after-school programs and in experiential, community-based learning activities, including mentored internships, with the objectives of: 1) increasing knowledge of science; 2) improving the sense of self-efficacy; and 3) promoting basic, applied, and clinical sciences as career choices. Panelists will discuss current issues and future trends in out-of-classroom science education, including STEM after-school programs, pre-college science enrichment and “pipeline” programs, university-community partnerships, STEM scientist educational outreach and mentoring activities, Informal STEM education, “National Lab Day,” “living classrooms,” scientific literacy, and “citizen science” initiatives. The session will also consider the ways high school seniors and college students, together, can serve as science ambassadors and role models to engage their peers in outof-classroom activities that enhance an understanding, appreciation, and perhaps a passion for science and scientific inquiry. Following the symposium and lunch (on your own) will be an informal field trip to the San Diego campus of High Tech High. High Tech High began in 2000 as a single charter high school launched by a coalition of San Diego business leaders and educators. It has evolved into an integrated network of schools spanning grades K-12, housing a comprehensive teacher certification program and a new, innovative Graduate School of Education. The Gary and JerriAnn Jacobs High Tech High is the original High Tech High school. Founded in the fall of 2000, the school is located at HTH Village in San Diego and serves approximately 535 students in grades 9-12. High Tech High now operates eleven schools in San Diego County: two elementary schools, four middle schools, and five high schools. All of these schools serve a diverse, lottery-selected student population; all embody the High Tech High design principles of personalization, adult world connection, common intellectual mission, and teacher as designer. Participants in this symposium are invited to join in this unique opportunity to see how this innovative school functions. Additional details will be announced in the session. 8:30 Welcome, PAUL HECKMAN and CARL MAIDA 8:35 Keynote Address: The Promise of Inquiry-Based Learning Beyond the Classroom, SHIRLEY MALCOM (AAAS, Washington, D.C.). 9:00 Panel: Styles of Inquiry-Based Learning in Out-of-School Time Environments Introductory Remarks: JEFF DAVIS (University of California, Davis) Moderator: Paul Heckman (University of California, Davis)

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Wednesday Panelists: WILLIAM B.N. BERRY (University of California, Berkeley) PAUL BUNJE (University of California, Los Angeles) MARVIN MARCUS (University of California, Los Angeles) KIMBERLY TANNER (San Francisco State University) 10:00 Workshop: Promoting Student Inquiry-Based Learning and Development of STEM Activities Outside the Classroom

Breakout Sessions with Audience and Panelists

11:00 Synthesis Panel: Reflections on Inquiry-Based Learning in Out-of-School Time Environments Introductory Remarks: PAUL HECKMAN (University of California, Davis) Moderator: Carl Maida (University of California, Los Angeles) Panelists: ANDEE PRESS-DAWSON (University of California, Davis) JOHNNIE SAVOY (College Bound, Los Angeles) STU SEMIGRAN (EduCare Foundation) JAY VAVRA (High Tech High, San Diego)

JANICE P. AITKEN1 (1University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK; 2Medical University of Vienna, Austria). 9:30 164 Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from the Shuar Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON (University of Dundee, Scotland). 9:45 165 The Texturing of a Facial Depiction of Clonycavan Man – A Bog Body from Ireland, JANICE P. AITKEN*, CAROLINE WILKINSON, and C. D. EROLIN (University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland). 10:00 BREAK 10:30 166 Body Snatchers – The Analysis of a Mummified Human Child as an Anatomical Specimen, CAROLINE WILKINSON, SUE BLACK, XANTHE MALLETT, and WOLFRAM MEIER-AUGENSTEIN (University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland). 10:45 167 Historical/Archaeological Digital Forensic Facial Reconstruction from CT Scans, JOSHUA HARKER (Chicago, IL). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 38 of these Proceedings.

12:00 Lunch 1:00 Informal Field Trip to High Tech High, San Diego (optional)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part II KIPJ Rooms C and D

Facial Analysis and Depiction of Preserved Remains KIPJ Theatre

Wednesday 9:15 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Organizer: Caroline Wilkinson (Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This is the second part of a double symposium (see Princess Takabuti – Analysis, Interpretation, and Visualization on page 35 for the first part) which explores techniques by various researchers on the visualization of a wide range of subjects from the possible skull of Cleopatra’s sister, a shrunken head from South American, and a bog body from Ireland, to a mummified anatomical child specimen. Session Chair: Caroline Wilkinson 9:15 163 The Craniofacial Analysis of the Possible Skull of Arsinoe, Sister of Cleopatra, CHRISTOPHER RYNN1*, CAROLINE WILKINSON1, FABIAN KANZ2, and

Wednesday 9:30 a.m. – 3:00 p.m.

This program is continuing from Tuesday. Please see page 30 in these Proceedings for the program description.

Session Chair: Andrew Rex (University of Puget Sound) 9:30 168 Relaxation Phenomena in the Adiabatic Phase Transition of Type I Superconductor Particles, PETER D. KEEFE (University of Detroit Mercy, Eastpointe, MI). 10:15 BREAK 10:30 169 The Production of Electricity Out of a Heat Bath, RODERICH W. GRAEFF (Private Scholar, Koenigsfeld, Germany and Ithaca, NY). 11:15 170 On Entropy in Eulerian Thermodynamics, CHRISTIAN FRONSDAL and ABHISHEK PATHAK* (University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Wednesday 12:00 LUNCH 1:30 171 A Generalized Second Law for Heterogeneously Coupled Energy Systems that Exhibit Equilibrium Temperature Differentials and Comments on Time Reversibility and Entropy, CHRISTOPHER G. JESUDASON (University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). 2:15 172 Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and Entropy Generation:From Sadi Carnot’s Ingenious Reasoning to Holistic Generalization, MILIVOJE M. KOSTIC (Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL).

11:45 176 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity Patterns in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER (University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 39 of these Proceedings.

Osteoimmunology: Fundamental, Clinical and Translational Implications in Temporomandibular Disorders KIPJ Room G

The Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the Tiwanaku Culture from Moquegua, Perú KIPJ Theatre

Wednesday 11:00 a.m. – noon Organizer: Paul S. Goldstein (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium outlines the bioaracheological study of one of the best-preserved Tiwanaku sites (AD 500-1000) in Peru. The high degree of preservation of the human and cultural remains has allowed the study of paleodiet, gender, and status-based differences, through body preparation, cranial deformation, textile evidence, carbon and nitrogen isotope data, and mortuary architecture. Session Chair: Paul S. Goldstein 11:00 173 The Rio Muerto Project 2006-2010: Mummy Preparation, Mortuary Practice, and Social Identity in the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN1*, ULRIKE M. GREEN1, ALICIA BOSWELL1, SARAH BAITZEL1, and PATRICIA PALACIOS2 (1University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; 2Museo Contisuyo, Plaza de Armas, Moquegua, Peru). 11:15 174 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile Evidence from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru, ELIZABETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 11:30 175 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru, ANDREW D. SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, SARAH I. BAITZEL, MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, SARAH RAUBENHEIMER, and LINDA YZURDIGA (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA).

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Wednesday 1:15 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Organizers: Andre Barkhordarian and Francesco Chiappelli (UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA). Program sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Oral Biology and Dental Medicine. Osteoimmunology refers to the regulating interplay, interaction, and (or) interconnectivity between bone and immune biology. The interplay begins when bone provides the microenvironment that is critical for the development of the hematopoietic stem cells from which all cells of the mammalian immune system derive, and they in turn produce various immunoregulatory cytokines that influence the fate of bone cells. Besides sharing signaling molecules, bone and immune cells have a common site of origin. They influence each other not only after maturation and activation, but also at the formation stage as apparent in the role of osteoblasts in the establishment of hematopoietic stem cell niches and their maintenance in bone marrow. Abnormalities in immune system cause skeletal damages that eventually lead to osteoimmunpathologies such as Temporomandibular disorders and dysfunctions (TMD/TMJD). Temporomandibular disorders are conditions that affect masticatory muscles, the mandibular joints, and other associated structures. Various inflammatory mediators and cytokines influence the pathogenic mechanisms involving interactions between immune cells and bone. Temporomandibular disorders whether they are internal derangements or a mal-relationship of the mandible to the cranial base have a systemic/neurologic component. The compression or irritation of the Auriculotemporal nerve at a sub-threshold level may lead to neurologic disorders such as Cervical Dystonia and Parkinson’s. When the TMJ is treated, decrease or cessation of the symptomology is observed. In this symposium we will explore local and systemic implications that are associated with TMD/TMJD. Session Chair: Francesco Chiappelli 1:15 Welcoming Comments 1:20 177 Fundamental Osteoimmunology: From Stem Cells to Bone-immune Metabolism, ANDRE BARKHORDARIAN* and FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI, (University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Wednesday 1:45 178 Psychoneuroendocrine-osteoimmunology and Temporomandibular Disorders, FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI* and ANDRE BARKHORDARIAN (University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA). 2:10 179 Systemic Correlates of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, GARY DEMERJIAN (Burbank, CA). 2:35 180 Osteoimmunology I: Integrating Fundamental Osteoimmunology Research in Clinical Practice, JAY SISON (Los Angeles, CA).

2:30 185 3D-Analyses and 3D-Visualisations, NIELS LYNNERUP (University of Copenhagen, Denmark). 2:45 186 Histological Investigation of Human Mummified Remains – Potential and Drawbacks of the Analysis of Ancient Soft Tissue Material, FRANK MAIXNER1*, ASTRID GRUMER1, BARBARA PICHLER1, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, FRANZ SCHROFFENEGGER2, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL2, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2General Hospital Bolzano, Italy). 3:00 BREAK

State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research KIPJ Theatre

Wednesday 1:30 p.m. – 5:15 p.m. Organizers: Frank J. Rühli (Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland, Head of the Swiss Mummy Project), Albert Zink (Head of the EURAC Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen, Italy) and Niels Lynnerup (Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. Ancient mummies have been examined for centuries. The enormous ongoing advance of examination modalities allows researchers to expand their studies. The aim of this symposium is to review the current “gold-standard” for scientific studies of ancient mummies and to predict future developments, both in terms of examination standards as well as possible “high-end” single case methodologies. Presentations range from high-resolution imaging and histology to coprolites and stable isotopes. Session Co-Chairs: Frank J. Rühli, Albert Zink, and Niels Lynnerup 1:30 181 Introduction to State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI1*, ALBERT ZINK2, and NIELS LYNNERUP3 (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2 EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 3University of Copenhagen, Denmark). 1:45 182 Macroscopic Investigation of Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt). 2:00 183 CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummies, FRANK J. RÜHL1* and NIELS LYNNERUP2 (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2University of Copenhagen, Denmark). 2:15 184 State-of-the-Art of High Resolution Imaging of Ancient Mummified Tissue, FRANK J. RÜHLI* and JOHANN WANEK (University of Zürich, Switzerland).

3:30 187 Molecular Investigations of Microbial Communities in Mummified Human Remains, FRANK MAIXNER1*, THOMAS RATTEI2, GUADELUPE PINAR3, KATJA STERFLINGER-GLEIXNER3, DARIO PIOMBINOMASCALI1, GIOVANNA CIPOLLINI1, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2University of Vienna, Austria; 3University of National Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria). 3:45 188 State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research: Coprolites, KARL J. REINHARD (University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE). 4:00 189 Preservation of Human Mummified Remains, ALBERT ZINK1*, MARCO SAMADELLI1, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, and EDUARD EGARTER VIGL2 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2General Hospital Bolzano, Italy). 4:15 190 Dental Studies, ROGER SEILER* and FRANK J. RÜHLI (University of Zürich, Switzerland). 4:30 191 Advancing the Stable Isotopic Analysis of Mummies: Some Suggested Future Directions, CHRISTINE D. WHITE* and FRED J. LONGSTAFFE (The University of Western Ontario, Canada). 4:45 192 Using Rapid Prototyping in Mummy Studies – Bridging Science and Public Presentation, HEATHER GILLFRERKING* and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (The German Mummy Project, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany). 5:00 193 Next Generation Sequencing Technology in Mummy Studies: The Genome of the Tyrolean Iceman, ANGELA GRAEFEN1*, ANDREAS KELLER2, MARKUS BALL3, MARK MATZAS4, VALESCA BOISGUERIN4, FRANK MAIXNER1, PETRA LEIDINGER2, ANDRE FRANKE5, JENS MAYER2, RABAB KHAIRAT3, JESSICA SPANGLER6, STEPHEN McLAUGHLIN6, MINITA SHAH6, CLARENCE LEE6, TIMOTHY HARKINS6, ALEXANDER SARTORI6, JAN HAAS7, HUGO KATUS7, BENJAMIN MEDER7, NIKOLAUS BLIN3,

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Wednesday ECKART MEESE2, CARSTEN PUSCH3, MARCO SAMADELLI1, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL8, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany; 3University of Tübingen, Germany; 4Febit Biomed GMBH, Heidelberg, Germany; 5Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany; 6Lifetech/Applied Biosystems, Beverly, MA, Foster City, CA; 7University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; 8General Hospital Bolzano, Italy). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 41 of these Proceedings.

Session Chair: Sherry Seethaler 2:00 Introduction, SHERRY SEETHALER (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA) 2:10 194 UC Berkeley’s Response to The Gathering Storm: Cal Teach and MfA Berkeley, NICOLE NUNES, (University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA). 2:35 195 Content-Intensive Courses inUC San Diego’s Science Education Minor: Preliminary Results on Their Effects on Pre-Service Science Teachers, JOHN CZWORKOWSKI (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 3:00 BREAK

The Changing Role of the Research University in K–12 Science Education KIPJ Room A

Wednesday 2:00 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Organizers: Sherry Seethaler (Staff Director of California Teach, Division of Physical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA) and John Czworkowski (Lecturer, PSOE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). Sponsored by the Pacific Division section on Science and Technology Education. Concerns about America’s future science and technology competitiveness in the global economy are changing the role of the nation’s research universities in K-12 science education. The National Academies’ report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, recommended three actions to improve K-12 STEM education: 1) Attract more of America’s brightest students to the teaching profession; 2) Strengthen the skills of the nation’s current K-12 teachers; and 3) Enlarge the pipeline of students prepared to pursue STEM degrees. This symposium reveals how four research universities broke down intra-institutional barriers (between science and education departments) and inter-institutional barriers (between universities and K-12 schools) to address these aspects of precollege science education. University of Arizona’s Science Teacher Preparation Program, University of California, San Diego’s California Teach, and University of California Berkeley’s Cal Teach and Summer Research Institute exemplify ways to bridge the traditional gap between undergraduate science curricula and education credential programs to develop future teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge. Project PASS at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas uses a professional learning community to strengthen the skills of current teachers through a collaborative partnership between a university and a large urban school district. Another strategy is the creation of University-led charter schools, such as the University of California, San Diego’s Preuss School, that provide rigorous college preparatory courses for diverse, low-income, first-generation college students. The panel will explore these programs, institutional changes that made them possible, how early dissonance was overcome, implementation, impact, and unexpected effects that continue to engage research universities in science education.

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3:15 196 Growing a Culture for Science Education in the University of Arizona’s College of Science, DEBRA TOMANEK (University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ). 3:40 197 Leveraging a Collaborative Partnership to Achieve High Quality Professional Development for Science Teachers, KENT J. CRIPPEN (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV). 4:05 198 More Than Outreach: Starting a Charter School on a Research University Campus, BARBARA SAWREY (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 4:30 Questions and Discussion (synthesis of common themes and lessons learned)

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Thursday Thursday, 16 June 2011

Mexican Mummy Studies KIPJ Theatre

Thursday 8:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Organizers: Josefina Mansilla and Ilán Leboreiro (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), México). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. Researchers from México will cover the latest research on Mexican mummies in this symposium. Session Co-chairs: Josefina Mansilla and Ilán Leboreiro 8:00 199 Incidents in the Sierra Tarahumara, ENRIQUE CHACÓN SORIA (Centro INAH Chihuahua, Centro, Chihuahua, CP). 8:15 200 The “Why” of the Mortuary Context of Mexican Mummies, ILÁN LEBOREIRO* and JOSEFINA MANSILLA (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, Col. Polanco, México, D.F.). 8:30 201 Brief Overview about the Mexican Mummies, JOSEFINA MANSILLA* and ILÁN LEBOREIRO (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, Col. Polanco, México, D.F.). 8:45 202 México’s Most Ancient Mummy: Tm-c-247 at Romero´s Cave, JOSEFINA MANSILLA* and ILÁN LEBOREIRO (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, Col. Polanco, México, D.F.). 9:00 203 Ancient DNA from Mummified Tissue in México: A Case Study for the Early Colonization of the Americas, Cristina Valdiosera1*, Colin Smith1, Morten Rasmussen1, Victor Moreno1, Eske Willerlev1, ILÁN LEBOREIRO2, and JOSEFINA MANSILLA2 (1Center for GeoGenetics, Geologiske Museum, Copenhagen K, Denmark; 2Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, C.P. 11560, México D.F.). 9:15 204 Traditions of the Ancient Northern Mexican Desert: Furwrapped and Flexed Positioned Mummies of Infant Cadavers, Leticia GonzAlez1*, Josefina Mansilla2, Sandra Pompa3, Marco Antonio RodrIguez4, and ILÁN LEBOREIRO2 (1Museo Regional de La Laguna, Bosque Venustiano Carranza s/n, Torreon, Coahuila, C.P.; 2Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, C.P. 11560, México, D.F.; 3Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México D.F.; 4Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México, D.F.). 9:30 205 Characterization of Mummy Hair at Nanometric Level Through Atomic Force Microscopy, CARMEN PIJOAN1*,

PEDRO BOSCH2, CARLOS FLORES2, JOSEFINA MANSILLA1, ILÁN LEBOREIRO1, and María Teresa Menendez-Taboada3 (1Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, C.P. 11560, México, D.F.; 2Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México D.F.; 3 Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. C.P. 14030 México, D.F.). 9:45 206 Trace Elements in Ancient Tarahumara Mummy Hair, MARÍA TERESA MENENDEZ-TABOADA (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. C.P. 14030, México, D.F.). 10:00 207 Analysis of the Genetic and Historical Context of Two Prehispanic Mummies from México: Phylogeography as an Approach to Complement the Understanding of Past Populations, ANA SERRANO* and MARIEL DURÁN (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. C.P. 14030 México, D.F.).

Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy KIPJ Theatre

Thursday 10:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. Organizer: Bob Brier (Long Island University, Greenvale, NY). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. The Carlos Museum at Emory University in Atlanta. Georgia has recently displayed a rare Old Kingdom mummy, giving researchers the opportunity to explore aspects of its preservation. The history of the mummy, its analysis and conservation are presented. Session Chair: Bob Brier 10:30 208 Introduction: Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy, BOB BRIER (Long Island University, Greenvale, NY). 10:45 209 A History of the Oldest Egyptian Mummy in the Americas, PETER LACOVARA1 and BOB BRIER2* (1Michael C. Carlos Museum, Atlanta, GA; 2Long Island University, Greenvale, NY). 11:00 210 Interpreting the Life of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MONIQUE OSIGBEME*, CHENERE PIERCE RAMSEY, MALU TANSEY, JOSHUA ROBINSON, JOHN KINGSTON, and ARRI EISEN (Emory University, Atlanta, GA). 11:15 211 Project Update on the Conservation Treatment of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MIMI LEVEQUE1* and RENÉE STEIN2 (1Peabody Essex Museum and Archaea Technica Conservation; 2Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, GA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Thursday

Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies KIPJ Theatre

Thursday 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Organizer: Randall C. Thompson (The Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium presents a comparison of cardiovascular disease from 52 Egyptian Mummies with studies of atherosclerosis in the preindustrial world. The work of the HORUS Study group and its “Hunt for Atherosclerosis” is outlined. Session Chair: Janet M. Monge (University of Pennsylvania Museum) 11:30 212 Introduction: An Overview of the HORUS Study, RANDALL C. THOMPSON (University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO). 11:45 213 The HORUS Study – The Hunt for Atherosclerosis, L. SAMUEL WANN (The Wisconsin Heart Hospital, Milwaukee, WI). 12:00 214 Comparative Studies of Atherosclerosis in Communities in the Preindustrial World, CALEB E. FINCH (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA). 12:15 215 Demonstration of Cardiovascular Disease on CT Scans in Egyptian Mummies – Examples from 52 Mummies, RANDALL C. THOMPSON (University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO).

American Mummy via Multi-element Isotope Analyses, SANDRA LOESCH1, CHRISTINE LEHN2, ULRICH STRUCK3, PETER HORN4, STEFAN HÖLZL4, OLIVER PESCHEL2, ANDREAS NERLICH5, and BRIGITTE HAAS-GEBHARD6 (1Bern University, Bern, Switzerland; 2University of Munich, Munich, Germany; 3 Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 4Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, Munich, Germany; 5Municipal Clinic Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany; 6Bavarian State Archaeological Collection and Museum, Munich, Germany). 12:15 323 Hand-Schueller-Christian’s Disease in an Ancient Egyptian Mummy; X-ray, CT and MR Analysis, MISLAV CAVKA1,2, GORDANA IVANAC1,2 LEJLA AGANOVIC3*, GERT REITER4, SONIA NIELLES-VALLESPIN5, PETER SPEIER5, IVOR JANKOVIC6, IGOR URANIC7, and BORIS BRKLJACIC1,2 (1University Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in University Hospital “Dubrava”, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia; 3University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; 4Siemens AG Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany; 5Siemens AG Healthcare, Graz, Austria; 6Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Archeological Museum Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia).

Mummies as Cultural Heritage KIPJ Theatre

Thursday 1:30 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Organizers: Dario Piombino-Mascali and Albert Zink (EURAC - Institute for the Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology.

Concurrent Session Contributed Papers, Session III KIPJ Rooms A and B

Thursday 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Please refer to page 54 in these Proceedings for complete details of this session. 11:30 320 Development of a Nubian Pathological Ontology, RYAN METCALFE (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 11:45 321 Re-thinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery (Fag el Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt), DAVID M. WHITCHURCH* and R. PAUL EVANS (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT). 12:00 322 The Alleged Bog Body or the Identification of a South

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A wide range of mummy preservation and national recognition is explored from museum specimens to bog bodies. One of these is the Zweeloo Woman, a bog body from The Netherlands with evidence of Leri-Weill dyscondrosteosis (DSC) a dominantly inherited dysplasia marked by short stature with mesomelic shortening of middle segments of the forearms and lower legs. This is the first case of DSC syndrome recognized in a 2nd century bog body from The Netherlands. Session Co-chairs: Dario Piombino-Mascali, Albert Zink, and Heather Gill-Frerking (Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany) 1:30 216 Introduction to Mummies as Cultural Heritage, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI (EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy). 1:45 217 The Anatomical Collection of Giovan Battista Rini (1795-1856): A Paleoradiological Investigation, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1*, ALBERT ZINK1, ALBERTO CARLI2, and STEPHANIE PANZER3 (1EURAC

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

SYMPOSIA – Thursday – Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2 University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy; 3Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany). 2:00 218 Development of a New Glass Case System for Mummies Conservation, MARCO SAMADELLI1*, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, F. U. ROLLO2, VITO C. FERNICOLA3, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2UNICAM, Scuola di Bioscienze e Biotecnologie dell’Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino, Italy; 3I.N.RI.M., Torino, Italy). 2:15 219 The Royal Mummies of Ancient Egypt: A History Rewritten by Science, ALBERT ZINK1*, YEHIA Z. GAD2, SOMAIA ISMAIL2, PAUL GOSTNER3, ASHRAF SELIM4, CARSTEN M. PUSCH5, and ZAHI HAWASS6 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; 3Central Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; 4Cairo Scan Radiology Centre, Giza, Egypt; 5University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; 6Supreme Council of Antiquities, Cairo, Egypt). 2:30 220 Marking with Needles and Lancets: The Antiquity of Therapeutic Tattooing, LARS KRUTAK (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC). 2:45 221 Zweeloo Woman: Multidisciplinary Investigation of a Bog Body, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI1,2*, DON BROTHWELL3, WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN4*, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU5, PAUL GOSTNER6, PATRIZIA PERNTER6, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL7, FRANK MAIXNER8, MAREK JANKO9,10, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI8, GRAZIA MATTUTINO1, FRANK J. RÜHLI11, and ALBERT ZINK8 (1University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 2University of Marseilles, Marseilles, France; 3University of York, York, UK; 4Drents Plateau, The Netherlands; 5Johannes Gutenberg - Universität, Mainz, Germany; 6General Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy; 7General Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy; 8EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 9 Ludwig - Maximilians - Universität München, Munich, Germany; 10Center for NanoSciences, Ludwig - Maximilians - Universität München, Munich, Germany; 11Zürich Irchel - Universität, Zürich, Switzerland). 3:00 222 Mummies in Private Collections: Aspects of Law, Ethics, and Heritage, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING1* and CHRISTOPHER FRERKING2 (1Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany; 2Attorney-at-Law and Independent Scholar, Mannheim, Germany).

A Multidisciplinary Collaboration for Tissue Analyses: The Case of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi KIPJ Theatre

Thursday 3:30 p.m. – 4:15 p.m. Organizer: María Victoria Monsalve (Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. Session Chair: María Victoria Monsalve 3:30 223 The Value of Morphological Observations of Soft Tissues of Frozen Ancient Corpses, MARÍA VICTORIA MONSALVE1, ELAINE HUMPHREY2, and DAVID WALKER1* (1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 2University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada). 3:45 224 FTIR Spectromicroscopy Investigations of Preserved Tissue from Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi, Luca Quaroni1*, Colleen Christensen2, and MarÍa Victoria Monsalve3 (1Paul Scherrer Institut, VILLIGEN-PSI, Switzerland; 2University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; 3 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada). 4:00 225 The identification of a Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the Ancient Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi Individual, TREENA SWANSTON*, HARRY DENEER, and ERNIE WALKER (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada).

Hair in Archaeology KIPJ Theatre

Thursday 4:30 p.m. – 6:15 p.m. Organizers: Jocelyn S. Williams (Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada) and Andrew S. Wilson (School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK). Program sponsored by the World Congress on Mummy Studies and the Pacific Division section on Anthropology and Archaeology. This symposium will showcase the diversity of research using hair from archaeological contexts and explore how this research has enhanced the understanding of past populations. The chemical analysis of hair can provide information about diet, mobility, disease, stress, drug use, genetic data, season of death, and a variety of biochemical processes. Session Co-chairs: Jocelyn S. Williams and Andrew S. Wilson 4:30 226 Assessment of the State of Preservation of Archaeological Keratin Fibers – A Study of Different Analytical Approaches, Gabriele Wortmann*, Alaa

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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SYMPOSIA – Thursday Jabur, and Franz-Josef Wortmann (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 4:45 227 The Richest Ornament: Hair Analyses of Women from the Kellis 2 Cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, Lana J. Williams*, Tosha L. Dupras, and Sandra M. Wheeler (University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL). 5:00 228 Life in an Extreme Environment: An Isotopic Investigation into Seasonal Resource Use in the Lower Ica Valley, Peru, LAUREN CADWALLADER (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK). 5:15 229 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Hair from Inca-Period Mummies: Exploring Mobility and Resource Use in Central Peru, JOCELYN S. WILLIAMS1*, ANDREW S. WILSON2, EMMA BROWN3, ANDREW GLEDHILL3, and M. ANNE KATZENBERG4 (1Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada; 2,3University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK; 4University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada). 5:30 230 Insight into the Final Months of the Capacocha from El Plomo Using Stable Light Isotope Data, ANDREW S. WILSON1* and MARIO M. CASTRO2 (1University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK; 2University of Chile, Santiago, Chile). 5:45 231 Investigating the Use of Coca and Other Psychoactive Plants in Andean Archaeological Populations, EMMA BROWN*, ANDREW S. WILSON, BEN STERN, ROB JANAWAY, and TIMOTHY TAYLOR (University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK). 6:00 232 Biologic Rhythms in Ancient Hair, ANTONIO LANZIROTTI1, MIKE SPILDE2, CLIFFORD QUALLS3, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI4,5,6, MARIO GIUSIANI4, VALENTINA GIUFFRA4, GINO FORNACIARI4 ABDUL-MEHDI ALI2, LARRY AGENBROAD7, and OTTO APPENZELLER*8 (1Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; 2,3 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; 4University of Pisa, Italy; 5University of Turin, Italy; 6University of Marseilles, France; 7The Mammoth Site Hot Springs, South Dakota, USA; 8NMHEMC Research Foundation, Albuquerque, NM). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 21 of these Proceedings.

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1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

WORKSHOPS – Monday

II. WORKSHOPS Monday, 13 June 2011

Finding Information in Open Access Journals Loma Hall 307

Monday 3:45 p.m. – 4:45 p.m. Half-day workshop organized by Amy Besnoy (Science Librarian, Copley Library, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA; [emailprotected] ) and Pearl Ly (Natural Sciences Librarian, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA; ply@ csusm.edu). This half-day workshop follows the symposium, Don’t Sign Your Life Away: Author’s Rights, Scientific Publishing, Digital Repositories, and the Case for Open Access, and is a hands-on session on finding and accessing information in open access journals. Participants will learn how to utilize the Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar, and PubMed to find full-text open access articles. In addition, search strategies and tips for efficient database searching will be discussed. Participants will have access to computers and will be encouraged to share topics of interest during the session. Participation is limited to 24 individuals. Preference will be given to those who pre-registered for this event. No fee other than meeting registration.

Wednesday, 15 June 2011

Vitamin D

KIPJ Rooms E and F Thursday 8:00 a.m. – Noon

Half-day workshop organized by John Cannell, MD (Executive Director, Vitamin D Council, San Louis Obispo, CA). For the last ten years, the media has reported on hundreds of scientific studies on, what the New York Times called, “the nutrient of the decade.” This workshop will present an overview of vitamin D with a focus on the three compelling aspects of vitamin D, influenza, autism, and athletic performance. The manifold mysteries of influenza become less confusing when the epidemiology of vitamin D (the antibiotic vitamin according to Science News) is understood. In 2006, Dr. Cannell noticed an unusual pattern when an influenza outbreak swept through the hospital for the criminally insane where he worked. Workshop participants will review and discuss Dr. Cannell’s eventual paper in Epidemiology and Infection. In 2007, the Vitamin D Council’s Newsletter published Dr. Cannell’s detailed theory of the controlling role that vitamin D deficiency plays in the etiology of the autism epidemic, the first time anyone had connected the numerous dots. Autism experts laughed until 2009, when Scientific American published a reworked version of the same theory. Workshop participants will review and discuss Dr. Cannell’s latest paper on autism and vitamin D. Finally, workshop participants will understand the role that vitamin D plays in athletic performance. They will hear evidence that the 30-year domination of the Olympics by the East Germans and the Russians was not due to anabolic steroids but rather is related to the fact that German and Russian scientific literature of the 1950s demonstrated their understanding of the role vitamin D plays in physical performance. No fee other than meeting registration.

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WORKSHOPS – Thursday Thursday, 16 June 2011

Field and Advanced Paleoimaging Museum of Man, Balboa Park Thursday 9:00 a.m. – 11:45 a.m.

Half-day workshop organized by Ronald Beckett, PhD (Professor Emeritus of Biomedical Sciences, Co-director, Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT; Ronald. [emailprotected]); co-organized by Gerald Conlogue, MHS (Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Co-director, Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT; Gerald. [emailprotected]). This workshop is intended to give participants an overview of the varied methods and technologies used in paleoimaging, with a focus on field and advanced applications. The workshop will demonstrate how the participants can maximize each paleoimaging modality in the field or lab setting. Additionally, this workshop will explore advanced imaging modalities and emphasize the importance of “Diagnosis by Consensus.” Several mini-lectures will present foundational information followed by four separate rotating stations. Two stations will provide the participants with the opportunity to gain practical hands-on skills and knowledge related to field photography and endoscopy. Two additional stations will focus on interpretation of paleoimaging data with an emphasis on differential diagnoses and age at death determination using dental paleoimaging data. Participants are asked to bring in their digital cameras and slides of their research/cases for group discussion and interpretation. The target audience for this workshop is World Congress on Mummy Studies attendees. Participation of Anthropologists, Radiologists, and students of Mummy Sciences is encouraged. Participation is limited to 40 participants. Cost: $20.

Artefact Annotation – Developing an Ontology to Help Mine Datasets KIPJ Room E

Thursday 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.

workshop withdrawn

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CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Sunday

III. CONTRIBUTED ORAL PRESENTATIONS 1100 (time italicized and underlined) indicates a student presentation * indicates the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) indicates abstract number Sunday, 12 June 2011

World Congress on Mummy Studies Contributed Papers, Session I KIPJ Theatre

Sunday 1:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. Organizer: Frank J. Rühli (University of Zürich, Switzerland). Session Chair: Niels Lynnerup (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) 1:30 233 Microscopic and Molecular de novo Analysis of the Iceman’s Stomach Content, FRANK MAIXNER1*, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL2, ANDREAS KELLER3, ANDRE FRANKE4, KLAUS OEGGL6, GIOVANNA CIPOLLINI1, ANGELA GRAEFEN1, PAUL GOSTNER5, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, MARCO SAMADELLI1, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2General Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; 3Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany; 4Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; 5Central Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; 6University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. Innsbruck, Austria). 1:45 234 Terahertz Imaging of Ancient Mummies, LENA OEHRSTROEM1, ANDREAS BITZER2, MARKUS WALTHER3, THOMAS BÖNI4, GIOVANNI COLACICCO5, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1* (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, 3University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; 4,5University of Zürich, Switzerland). 2:00 235 Comparative CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummified Tissues, LENA OEHSTROEM1, HENDRIK von WALDBURG1, PETER SPEIER2, MICHAEL BOCK3, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1* (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany; 3 German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany). 2:15 236 A Medieval Infant Burial from Quimper (Bretagne– France): An Example of Brain Preservation in Wetland, VERONIQUE GALLIEN1,2*, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU3, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI4,5,6, ANNE DIETRICH1,7, FRANCOIS GUILLON8, Katharina RENTSCH9, Maanasa RAGHAVAN10, MARIA-INES HOFMANN11, GIOVANNI COLACICCO11, and FRANK J. RÜHLI11 (1INRAP, French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research, Le Mans, France; 2University of Nice Sophia

Antipolis, Campus Saint-Jean-d’Angély, Nice, France; 3 Zürich Irchel–Universität, Zürich, Switzerland; 4University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 5University of Marseille, Marseille, France; 6University of Pisa, Italy; 7University of Nanterre, Nanterre, France; 8Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France; 9University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; 10Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 11Zürich Irchel–Universität, Zürich, Switzerland). 2:30 237 Dental Pathologies of the Iceman, ROGER SEILER1*, ALBERT ZINK2, PAUL GOSTNER3, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL4, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1 (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 3Central Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; 4General Hospital Bolzano, Italy). 2:45 238 Evidence Based Paleopathology: Meta-analysis of PubMed-listed Scientific Studies on Pre-Columbian, South American Mummies, KATI DAGEFOERDE and FRANK J. RÜHLI* (University of Zürich, Switzerland). 3:00 BREAK 3:15 239 The Value of Ancient Mummified Tissue for Clinical Research: A Perspective, FRANK J. RÜHLI (University of Zürich, Switzerland). 3:30 240 The Chehr Abad Salt Men (1,500-2,500 BP) – A Multidisciplinary International Mummy Research Project, FRANK J. RÜHLI1*, AYDIN ABAR2, ABULFAZI AALI3, N. BOENKE4, DON BROTHWELL5, MARK POLLARD6, SAHAND SAEDI7, and THOMAS STÖLLNER8 (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; 3Archaeology Museum, Zanjan, Iran; 4Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum; 5,6University of York, UK; 7 Abhar University, Iran; 8German Mining Museum and Ruhr University, Bochum). 3:45 241 Archaeogenetic and Histological Analysis of Natural Mummification under High Salt Conditions: Investigation of the Chehr Abad Salt Men (1,500-2,500 BP), CHRISTINA WARINNER, NATALLIA SHVED, KARL LINK, and FRANK J. RÜHLI* (University of Zürich, Switzerland). 4:00 242 Lyuba (41,910 BP), A Baby Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach, 1799): Histological Findings, KARL LINK, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU, and FRANK J. RÜHLI* (University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Monday 4:15 243 CT-based Assessment of Relative Soft Tissue Alteration in Different Types of Ancient Mummy, CHRISTINA SYDLER, THOMAS BÖNI, ULRICH WOITEK, and FRANK J. RÜHLI* (University of Zürich, Switzerland). 4:30 244 Funeral Traditions, Premature Burial and Mummification: Advances in the “Mummies of Tamaulipas Bioarchaeological Project,” GUSTAVO A. RAMÍREZ CASTILLA (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México). 4:45 245 A ‘Defective Mummy’ at the Museo de La Plata in Buenos Aires, M. BELÉN DAIZO2*, HÉCTOR M. PUCCIARELLI1, DIEGO M. SANTOS2, FERNANDO ABRAMZON3, and SONIA LESYK3 (1Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2CEEMO Centro de Estudios del Egipto y del Mediterráneo Oriental, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3Hospital Municipal de Trauma y Emergencias Malvinas Argentinas). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 55 of these Proceedings.

Monday, 13 June 2011

World Congress on Mummy Studies Contributed Papers, Session II KIPJ Theatre

Monday 8:00 a.m. – 5:15 p.m. Organizers: Alana Cordy-Collins (University of San Diego) and Rose Tyson (San Diego, CA). Session Chair: Teri Saffon (San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego, CA) 8:00 246 A New Use for an Old Tool: Intestinal Content ‘Histology’ in Paleopathology and Beyond, GUIDO P. LOMBARDI*, FRANCISCO A. TEJADA, and URIEL GARCIA-CACERES (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú). 8:15 247 Sha-Amun-em-su: The Singer of Amun, SHEILA MENDONÇA DE SOUZA1, ANTONIO BRANCALFON2, and CLAUDIA RODRIGUES-CARVALHO2 (1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). 8:30 248 The Lost Mummies of Lower Nubia, JENEFER A. COCKITT*, RYAN J. METCALFE, and A.R. DAVID (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 8:45 249 Feathered Cape, Camelid Fiber, and Cordage – Peruvian Mummies in Oslo, GWYN MADDEN1, JORDAN KARSTEN2*, and ROSE DREW3 (1Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI; 2State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY; 3University of York, Heslington, York, UK). 9:00 250 The Meaning of Mummification among the Anga of the Aseki Region of Papua New Guinea: A Tradition in Transition, ANDREW J. NELSON1 and RONALD G. BECKETT2* (1The University of Western Ontario; 2Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT). 9:15 251 Scientific Exploration of the Smoked Body Mummification Practice of the Anga of Koke Village, Papua New Guinea, RONALD G. BECKETT1* and ANDREW J. NELSON2 (1Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT; 2The University of Western Ontario). 9:30 252 The Warrior Ways of the Anga, Trauma and Artifact Analysis, ANDREW J. NELSON1 and RONALD G. BECKETT2* (1The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; 2Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT). 9:45 253 Assessment of the Restoration of the Smoked Body of Moimango, Former Clan Leader, Warrior, and Shaman of the Anga of Koke Village, Papua New Guinea, RONALD G. BECKETT1* and ANDREW J. NELSON2 (1Quinnipiac University; 2The University of Western Ontario).

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1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Monday 10:00 BREAK 10:30 254 The Mummy Tissue Database at Manchester’s KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology (Part I), MICHAEL R. ZIMMERMAN* and BARBARA H. ZIMMERMAN (Villanova University, Villanova, PA). 10:45 255 The Mummy Tissue Database at Manchester’s KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology, (Part II: Mummies Meet the Digital Age), BARBARA H. ZIMMERMAN* and MICHAEL R. ZIMMERMAN (Villanova University, Villanova, PA). 11:00 256 The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank at the KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology, University of Manchester, LIDIJA McKNIGHT*, A.R. DAVID, STEPHANIE ATHERTON, and CONSTANCE LORD (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 11:15 257 The Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank – Preliminary Results of the Northern England Pilot Study, LIDIJA McKNIGHT*, A.R. DAVID, STEPHANIE ATHERTON, CONSTANCE LORD, and KATHERINE CURRIE (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 11:30 258 Pathology in Sacred Bird Remains: Evidence of Substandard Husbandry in Ancient Egypt? STEPHANIE ATHERTON (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 11:45 259 IMPACT – A PACS Based Collaborative Mummy Database Project, ANDREW J. NELSON1*, ANDREW D. WADE1, and GREG GARVIN2 (1The University of Western Ontario; 2London X-ray Associates). 12:15 LUNCH Session Chair: Tori Randall (University of San Diego and San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego, CA) 1:30 260 Re-thinking Anthracosis: A Critical Re-examination of a Diagnostic Trend (Case Study from a 19th Century West Virginian Mummy), JULIA WOODWARD1*, CATHERINE GAITHER1, RAMONE GONZALEZ2, RONALD G. BECKETT2, GERALD J. CONLOGUE2, CARLYNE COOL3,4, and STEVE GROSHONG4 (1Metropolitan State College of Denver; 2Quinnipiac University; 3University of Colorado, Denver; 4National Jewish Health).

2:15 263 ‘Thinking Makes It So’: Reflections on the Ethics of Displaying Egyptian Mummies, JASMINE DAY (The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia). 2:30 264 Cultural and Logistical Challenges in Preparing a Large Travelling Mummy Exhibition for American Museums and Science Centers, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING1*, WILFRIED ROSENDAHL1, and JAMES DELAY2 (1Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany; 2American Exhibitions, Inc., Boca Raton, FL). 2:45 265 Supernumerary Vertebrae and Other Spinal Pathology in Three 17th Century Crypt Mummies from Germany, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING1*, JAMES SCHANANDORE2, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL1 (1Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany; 2North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND). 3:00 BREAK 3:30 266 Relic, Ritual or Residue: the ‘Saint Achilles’ Remains at Torre de Palma, Portugal, MARY LUCAS POWELL1 and DELLA COLLINS COOK2* (1Lexington, KY; 2Indiana University, Bloomington, IN). 3:45 267 Tattoos and a Scar: Visible Marks and Invisible Pathology of a South American Woman from the 14th Century, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING*, ANNA-MARIA BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany). 4:00 268 An Interesting and Indeterminate Disease from the Nubian Pathological Collection, MERVYN HARRIS (The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 4:15 269 The Ankhpakhered Mummy Project, SABINA MALGORA1* and LUCA BERNARDO2 (1Castello del Buonconsiglio di Trento, Trento, Italy; 2Fatebenefratelli and Macedorio Melloni Hospital, Milan, Italy). 4:30 270 Teeth Used as a Tool: Evidence of Task-related Dental Modifications from an Ancient Cemetery at Saqqara, Egypt, IWONA KOZIERADZKA-OGUNMAKIN (University of Manchester, Manchester, England).

1:45 261 Elmer McCurdy, Mummified “Outlaw” from Oklahoma’s Wild West, JUDY MYERS SUCHEY (Department of the Coroner, Los Angeles, CA).

4:45 271 Hearts and Minds: Excerebration and Evisceration in the Egyptian Mummification Tradition, ANDREW D. WADE* and ANDREW J. NELSON (University of Western Ontario).

2:00 262 A Contextual Analysis of a Mummy from the Sierra Gorda, Querétaro Region of México, Dated 900 to 1200 BC, ELIZABETH MEJÍA1*, MARTHA BENAVENTE2, ALEJANDRO TERRAZAS2, and ALBERTO HERRERA1 (1INAH Querétaro, Querétaro, México; 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

5:00 272 Crime and Punishment: A Reconstruction of Mortuary Practices in Nomadic Mongolia Based on the Study of Human Burials from 3,000 BP (Bronze Age) to AD 1700 (Ming Dynasty), BRUNO FROHLICH1, TSEND AMGALANTUGS2, DAVID HUNT1*, and KRISTEN PEARLSTEIN1 (1National Museum of Natural History,

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Monday Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA.; 2Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 27 of these Proceedings.

Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of Education Anthropology and Archaeology KIPJ Room 220 Monday 8:40 a.m. – Noon

Organizer for the Education Section: William B.N. Berry (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA). Organizer for the Anthropology and Archaeology Section: Stephen Frost (Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR). Education Session Chair: TBA 8:40 273 Marine Invasive Species Assessment in San Diego Bay, KATHLEEN F. ESTRELLA*, GABRIEL L. TUKEMAN*, and JAY S. VAVRA (High Tech High, San Diego, CA). 9:00 274 A Model for Empowering Young People from Urban and Diverse Backgrounds to become Tomorrow’s Scientific Leaders, SHARA FISLER and LINDSAY GOODWIN* (Ocean Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA).

MARTA VICENTE-CRESPO, and GABRIELE WIENHAUSEN (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). 10:40 278 On Mathematical Education: Mathematics Neither Necessary Nor Sufficient for Science, G. ARTHUR MIHRAM1* and DANIELLE MIHRAM2 (1Princeton, NJ; 2 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA). Anthropology and Archaeology Session Chair: TBA 11:00 279 The Seri, the Sun and the Slug: Cultural and Natural History of Berthellina ilisima (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) from the Central Sea of Cortez, HANS BERTSCH1* and CATHY MOSER MARLETT2 (1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Imperial Beach, CA; 2SIL International, Tucson, AZ). 11:20 280 Complete Fourth Metatarsal and Arches in the Foot of Australopithecus afarensis, JEFF MELDRUM1*, ESTEBAN SARMIENTO2, and PAUL MITCHELL3 (1Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID; 2Human Evolution Foundation; 3University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA). 11:40 281 Review of the Patterson-Gimlin Film as Evidence of an Unrecognized North American Ape, JEFF MELDRUM1* and BILL MUNNS2 (1Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID; 2Bill Munns Creature Gallery).

Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of Ecology, Organismal Biology, and Environmental Sciences Earth Sciences KIPJ Room 218

9:20 275 Initial Results from Piloting a Science Literacy Concept Inventory, EDWARD B. NUHFER1*, CARL KLOOCK,2 CHRISTOPHER B. COGAN,1 and GREGORY WOOD1 (1California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA; 2California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA).

Organizer for the Ecology, Organismal Biology and Environmental Sciences Section: Richard Van Buskirk (Department of Environmental Studies, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR).

9:40 276

Organizer for the Earth Sciences Section: vacant position.

presentation withdrawn

Session Chair: Richard Van Buskirk Ecology, Organismal Biology and Environmental Sciences

10:00 BREAK 10:20 277 Development and Implementation of a Workshop on Inclusive Teaching for Undergraduate and Graduate Teaching Assistants by Postdoctoral Scholars at UCSD, SANDRA L. CLEMENT*, SAURABH JOSHI, SUZANNE R. LEE, EVAN C. MERKHOFER, STEFANIE OTTO,

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Monday 8:40 a.m. – 11:40 a.m.

8:40 282 Fungal Endophyte Growth in a Nitrogen-free Solution: Nitrogen Fixation Symbiosis May Extend Beyond Bacteria, RACHEL SEWELL NESTERUK1,2* and RUSTY RODRIGUEZ2 (1University of Washington, Seattle, WA; 2United States Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle WA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Monday 9:00 283 A New Honey Bee Threat – the Phorid Fly Apocephalus borealis, ANDREW CORE1*, CHARLES RUNCKEL2, JONATHAN IVERS1, CHRISTOPHER QUOCK1, TRAVIS SIAPNO1, SERAPHINA DENAULT1, BRIAN BROWN3, JOSEPH DERISI2, CHRISTOPHER D. SMITH1, and JOHN HAFERNIK1 (1San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA; 2University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; 3Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA). 9:20 284 Cutthroat Trout Phylogenetic Relationships: Geologic Processes Preserved in DNA, DENNIS K SHIOZAWA1, PETER UNMACK, DEREK HOUSTON1, JASON MATHIS1, and R. PAUL EVANS* (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT). 9:40 BREAK 10:00 285 Emergence Times of the Giant Clam (Genus Tridacna) in Response to Varying Degrees of Disturbance in Areas of High and Low Human Impact, REBECCA F. SCHWARTZ1* and IAN TIBBETTS2 (1University of San Diego, San Diego, CA; 2University of Queensland Australia, Brisbane, QLD). 10:20 285 Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Six Mile Cypress Slough, JOHN M. MURRAY (Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT).

Session Chair: H.K. Choi Health Sciences 10:00 288 Cheyne-Stokes Respiration Is Caused Primarily by Cycling of Hypoxic Drive, Not CO2 Cycling, WARREN G. GUNTHEROTH (University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA). 10:20 289 Eggsploitation in the Human Fertility Trade, KALA PERKINS (Bioethics Institute, Los Angeles, CA). Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences 10:40 290 Feedback Effects of Extracellular Matrix Composition on AMPK Signaling Pathway: Pathway to Novel Drug Therapeutics Targeting Atherosclerosis, PRASHANTHI VANDRANGI1*, VICTOR G.J. RODGERS1, and JOHN YJ SHYY2 (University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA). Computer and Information Sciences 11:00 291 Mapping User Search Queries to Product Categories, CAROLYN T. HAFERNIK (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA). 11:20 292 How Fast Does a Continued Fraction Converge? C.E. FALBO (Professor Emeritus, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA).

Earth Sciences 10:40 287 Evidence for Large Scale Catastrophic Flooding in Eurasia, GEORGE R. DE NEEF (Vista, CA).

Joint Session of AAASPD Sections of Health Sciences Engineering, Technology, and Applied Sciences Computer and Information Sciences KIPJ 219

Monday 10:00 a.m. – 11:40 a.m. Organizer for the Health Sciences Section: H.K. Choi (Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA). Organizer for the Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences Section: Frank Jacobitz (Department of Engineering, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Organizer for the Computer and Information Sciences Section: position vacant.

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

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CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Tuesday Tuesday, 14 June 2011

Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections Chemistry and Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology KIPJ Room I

Tuesday 8:20 a.m. – Noon Organizer for the Chemistry and Biochemistry Section: Owen M. McDougal (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID). Organizer for the Cell and Molecular Biology Section: Kristen Mitchell (Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID). Chemistry and Biochemistry Session Chair: Owen M. McDougal

10:40 299 Exposure to TCDD (Dioxin) Increases Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation, WENDY A. HARVEY*, COLEY J. DOOLITTLE, JALISA J. ROBINSON, and KRISTEN A. MITCHELL (Boise State University, Boise, ID). 11:00 300 Expression of Multipotency Markers in Adult Adipocyte-Derived Stem Cells as a Function of Time, LAURINE J. SHAHMIRIAN1* and KRISTINA I. BOSTROM2 (1Chaminade College Preparatory High School, West Hills, CA; 2David Geffen Schoolof Medicine, University of California Los Angeles,,Los Angeles, CA). 11:20 301 Oncostatin M: Potential Target for Inhibiting Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone, CELESTE BOLIN, KEN TAWARA, and CHERYL L. JORCYK* (Boise State University, Boise, ID). 11:40 302 MicroRNA Signatures in Small Molecule Induced Cardiac and Neural Lineage-Specification Direct from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells, XUEJUN H. PARSONS (San Diego Regenerative Medicine Institute, San Diego, CA and Xcelthera, San Diego, CA).

8:20 293 Predictive Potential Unraveled with DockoMatic, REED B. JACOB* and OWEN M. McDOUGAL (Boise State University, Boise, ID). 8:40 294 Collagen XI α1 Chain Amino Propeptide Structural Model and Glycosaminoglycan Interactions in Silico, CHRIS MALLORY (Boise State University, Boise, ID).

Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections History and Philosophy of Science General and Interdisciplinary Studies

9:00 295 Bridging the Experimental to Computational Divide, OWEN M. McDOUGAL (Boise State University, Boise, ID).

Tuesday 8:20 a.m. – Noon

9:20 296 Biochemical Components Effecting Myocyte Membrane ATPase, DAVID BLACKMAN (retired, UC Berkeley; current: Phoenix, OR). 9:40 BREAK

Organizer for the History and Philosophy of Science Section: Donald J. McGraw (Ephraim, UT). Organizer for the General and Interdisciplinary Studies Section: Robert L. Chianese (Retired, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA). History and Philosophy of Science

Cell and Molecular Biology Session Chair: Kristen Mitchell 10:00 297 Biochemical and Biophysical Study of Functional Characteristics of Hemoglobin Components from Caspian Sea Sturgeons (Acipenser persicus and Acipenser stellatus) Blood, SHOHREH ARIAEENEJAD1*, SHAHLA JAMILI1,2, MEHRAN HABIBI-REZAEI3, MOHAMMAD REZA FATEMI1, NAJMEH POURSASAN3, and ALIA MOOSAVI-MOVAHEDI3 (1Iua, Pobox, Tehran, Iran; 2Iranian Fisheries Research Organization of Iran; 3University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran). 10:20 298 Loss of Bacterial MTN Activity Causes Polyamine Deficiency, KEN CORNELL (Boise State University, Boise, ID).

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KIPJ Room G

Session Chair: Donald J. McGraw 8:20 303 The First Pacific Conchologist: Eusebio Kino SJ, Abalones and California’s Insularity, HANS BERTSCH (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Imperial Beach, CA). 8:40 304 Tracing the Birth of New Science in the Literature of the 17th and 18th Centuries, FAYE MANKOWSKE (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 9:00 305 Darwinian Evolution and Jack London: Dualistic Representations of Evolution and Social Darwinism in the Character of Buck, BERNADETTE E. SMITH (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). 9:20 306 Public Mathematics and Discrete Policy: Federal

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Tuesday Administrations and Mathematics Education Reform in the 20th Century United States, EMILY T.H. REDMAN (University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA). 9:40 307 A Measurably Sanitary Landscape: Malaria and Flooded Rice Agriculture in California’s Great Central Valley, BARBARA YABLON MAIDA (University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA). 10:00 BREAK 10:20 308 Millennial Biology: The National Science Foundation and the Life Sciences, 1975-2005, DONALD J. McGRAW (“Dr. Donald J. McGraw, Independent Scholar/Contractor,” Ephraim, UT). 10:40 309 On Science: Natural Philosophy Its Basis, Analogy Its Advance, DANIELLE MIHRAM1* and G. ARTHUR MIHRAM2 (1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; 2Princeton, NJ). General and Interdisciplinary Studies Session Chair: Robert L. Chianese 11:00 310 Pleistocene Ecology and the Rise of Civilization, JEFFREY GRITZNER (The University of Montana, Missoula, MT). 11:20 311 Across the Divide: An Expedition into the American West, JOHN M. MURRAY1*, WENDY V. MURRAY1, and JOSEPH KAKAREKA2 (1Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT; 2Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL). 11:40 312 Science and Law: A Meeting of the Minds, Deborah M. Hussey Freeland (University of San Francisco School of Law, San Francisco, CA).

Joint Session of Pacific Division Sections Psychology Social, Economic and Political Sciences Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences

Organizer for the Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences Section: Frank Jacobitz (Department of Engineering, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Session Chair: Carl A. Maida Psychology 1:40 313 Heterogeneity and Transgroupness of Individual Cognitive Types, MAGOROH MARUYAMA (Interactive Heterogenistics, San Diego, CA). Social, Economic and Political Sciences 2:00 314 Cartooning the Issues: Popular Understanding of Economic Policies, 1865-1919, MARK ALDRICH (Smith College, Northampton MA). 2:20 315 Ethiopia’s Planned Gibe III Hydrodam: Dismantling Pastoral Survival Systems, Armed Conflict and Political Destabilization in the Kenya-Ethiopia-Sudan Border Region, CLAUDIA J. CARR (University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA). 2:40 316 Neoclassical Theory of the Fully Temporal System Yielding Completed Input/Output Substitution, THOMAS E. CHAMBERLAIN (Independent Researcher, Los Angeles, CA). 3:00 317 The Science of Laws: Data Base of Cause and Effect Reports, DAVID G. SCHRUNK1* and GARY B. SANER2 (1Quality of Laws Institute, Poway, CA; 2Primero Systems, San Diego, CA). 3:20 BREAK Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences 3:40 318 Multidisciplinary Engineering Approach to the Design of Laws, DAVID G. SCHRUNK (Quality of Laws Institute, Poway, CA). 4:00 319 Prospective versus Retrospective View of Engineering Design –Testing the Engineering Design Process Through Litigation, MICHAEL S. MORSE (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

KIPJ Room 214

Tuesday 1:40 p.m. – 4:20 p.m. Organizer for the Psychology Section: J. Kenneth Nishita (California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA). Organizer for the Social, Economic and Political Sciences Section: Carl A. Maida (UCLA Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA).

1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

53

CONTRIBUTED ORAL PAPERS – Thursday Thursday, 16 June 2011

World Congress on Mummy Studies Contributed Papers, Session III KIPJ Rooms A and B

Thursday 11:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Organizers: Alana Cordy-Collins (University of San Diego) and Rose Tyson (San Diego, CA). Session Chair: Ryan Metcalfe (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK) 11:30 320 Development of a Nubian Pathological Ontology, RYAN METCALFE (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK). 11:45 321 Re-thinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery (Fag el Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt), DAVID M. WHITCHURCH* and R. PAUL EVANS (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT). 12:00 322 The Alleged Bog Body or the Identification of a South American Mummy via Multi-element Isotope Analyses, SANDRA LOESCH1, CHRISTINE LEHN2, ULRICH STRUCK3, PETER HORN4, STEFAN HÖLZL4, OLIVER PESCHEL2, ANDREAS NERLICH5, and BRIGITTE HAAS-GEBHARD6 (1Bern University, Bern, Switzerland; 2University of Munich, Munich, Germany; 3 Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 4Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, Munich, Germany; 5Municipal Clinic Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany; 6Bavarian State Archaeological Collection and Museum, Munich, Germany). 12:15 323 Hand-Schueller-Christian’s Disease in an Ancient Egyptian Mummy; X-ray, CT and MR Analysis, MISLAV CAVKA1,2, GORDANA IVANAC1,2 LEJLA AGANOVIC3*, GERT REITER4, SONIA NIELLES-VALLESPIN5, PETER SPEIER5, IVOR JANKOVIC6, IGOR URANIC7, and BORIS BRKLJACIC1,2 (1University Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in University Hospital “Dubrava”, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia; 3University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; 4Siemens AG Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany; 5Siemens AG Healthcare, Graz, Austria; 6Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Archeological Museum Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia).

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1100 (time italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation * identifies the speaker from among several authors listed 63 (bolded number) is the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors

CONTRIBUTED POSTERS – Sunday

IV. CONTRIBUTED POSTER PRESENTATIONS 189 poster number is also the abstract number 193 (number italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation *identifies the presenter from among several authors listed Boards on which to attach poster presentations will be set up in KIPJ Rooms C and D. The poster boards have numbers on them that coincide with the numbers assigned to the posters in this program (see number to the left of the title of each presentation). You are expected to use the appropriately numbered board for your poster. World Congress of Mummy Studies Posters: Posters are to be set up Sunday morning for viewing all day. All posters must be removed by 11:00 a.m. Monday. All presenters are expected to be at their posters from 5:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Sunday to allow attendees the opportunity to discuss results with presenters. Students should expect two judges to review their presentations. Judging may extend beyond 6:30 p.m. AAASPD Posters: Posters can be set up beginning at 11:00 a.m. Monday. All set up should be finished at least 10 minutes prior to noon, the start of the session. All presenters must be present with their posters for at least two hours during the poster session in order to discuss their work. Students must be present with their posters from at least noon to 2:00 p.m. in order to give judges the opportunity to review and discuss their work with them. No posters are to be removed before 4:00 p.m., the end of the session. All posters must be removed no later than 8:00 p.m. that evening. Presenters assume full responsibility for the security of their poster and other materials. Unclaimed posters will be discarded at the close of the technical sessions Wednesday afternoon.

Quick Directory of Sponsoring Sections/Societies and Their Posters Section or Society poster numbers World Congress on Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 – 363 Agriculture and Horticultural Sciences Section. . . . . . 372 – 373 Anthropology and Archaeology Section. . . . . . . . . . . . 381 – 382 Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Section. . . 377 – 378 Cell and Molecular Biology Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 – 393 Computer and Information Sciences Section. . . . . . . . 370 – 371 Earth Sciences Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Ecology, Organismal Biology and Environmental Sciences Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 – 380 Education Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 – 376 Health Sciences Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 – 368 Oral Biology and Dental Medicine Section . . . . . . . . . 383 – 387 Social, Economic and Political Sciences Section. . . . . . . . . . 369

Sunday, 12 June 2011

326

Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity Patterns in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC).

327

Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile Evidence from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru, ELIZABETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA).

328

Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru, ANDREW D. SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, SARAH. I. BAITZEL, MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, SARAH RAUBENHEIMER, and LINDA YZURDIGA (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA).

329

Investigating the Use of Coca and Other Psychoactive Plants in Andean Archaeological Populations, EMMA BROWN*, ANDREW S. WILSON, BEN STERN, ROB JANAWAY, and TIMOTHY TAYLOR (University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom).

330

Life in an Extreme Environment: An Isotopic Investigation into Seasonal Resource Use in the Lower Ica Valley, Peru, LAUREN CADWALLADER (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK).

331

Archaeohelminthology of the Chiribaya Shepherd, Canis familiaris, (AD 700-1476) from Southern Peru, DENNIS J. RICHARDSON1, SONIA GUILLÉN2, RONALD G. BECKETT1, WESLEY KYLE1, GERALD J. CONLOGUE1*, and KATHERINE HARPER-BECKETT1 (1Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT; 2Centro Mallqui, Ilo, Peru).

332

Preliminary Results of the Histological Study of Ancient Skin Tissue Samples from the Chinchorro Mummies, BRUNO DORE1*, BERNARDO ARIAZA2, ROSA BOANO1, and EMMA RABINO MASSA1 (1University of Turin, Torino,

POSTER SESSION I World Congress on Mummy Studies KIPJ Rooms C and D Sunday 5:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m.

324

The Bioarchaeology of Activity and Labour Under Inka Occupation: A Regional Analysis of Provincial Burials from Lima, Peru, Trisha M. Biers1* and Guillermo A. Cock Carrasco2 (1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 2ConsultPatCu E.I.R.L., Lima Peru).

325

Residential Mobility and Stress in Nasca, Peru: New Insights from Cortisol and Isotopic Analyses of Archaeological Hair, EMILY WEBB*, CHRISTINE WHITE, STAN VAN UUM, and FRED LONGSTAFFE (The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada).

189 poster number is also the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors 193 (number italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation *identifies the presenter from among several authors listed

55

CONTRIBUTED POSTERS – Sunday DOMINY4 (1,2,4Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; 3American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt).

Italy; 2Instituto de Alta Investigación and Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile). 333

Shrinking Misconceptions: A Neutral Perspective on Shuar Tsantsas, Cheyenne McCarthy* and Benjamin Kooba (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

334

Historical Context of Tsantsa, TOBIAS HOULTON (University of Dundee, Scotland).

335

Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from the Shuar Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON (University of Dundee, Scotland).

336

Facial Reconstruction of an Anga Mummy, ANDREW J. NELSON1, VICTORIA LYWOOD2, and RONALD G. BECKETT3* (1The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; 2John Abbott College, Sainte-Anne-deBellevue, Québec, Canada; 3Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut).

337

Analysis of an Offering of Cultural Materials Associated with Partially Mummified Remains from Sierra Gorda, Querétaro, México, ELIZABETH MEJÍA1*, AURORA MONTUFAR2, and ALBERTO HERRERA1 (1INAH Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro., México; 2INAH, Laboratorios y Apoyo Académicox).

338

Haida Mummy Rediscovered, GWYN MADDEN (Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI).

339

The German Mummy Project, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING*, ANNA-MARIA BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany).

340

Standardizing Recording Forms for Mummy Studies, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING*, ANNA-MARIA BEGEROCK, and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany).

341

X-ray Imaging and its Impact on Ancient DNA: A Monte Carlo-based Simulation, JOHANN WANEK1, LIZ PARVIN2, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1* (1University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Open University, United Kingdom).

342

The North American Mummy Database; An Interdisciplinary Online Resource, S.J. WOLFE (American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA).

343

New Findings on a Roman-period Egyptian Mummy at the University of Illinois, SARAH U. WISSEMAN1* and DAVID R. HUNT2 (1Illinois State Archaeological Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign IL; 2National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.).

344

Mummified Baboons, Stable Isotopes, and the Location of Punt, GILLIAN L. MORITZ 1*, GILLIAN A. O. BRITTON2*, SALIMA IKRAM3, and NATHANIEL J.

56

345

Backroom Treasures: CT Scanning of Two Ibis Mummies from the Peabody Museum Collection, ANDREW D. WADE1*, SALIMA IKRAM2, GERALD J. CONLOGUE3, RONALD G. BECKETT3, ANDREW J. NELSON1, and ROGER COLTEN4 (1University of Western Ontario; 2American University in Cairo; 3Quinnipiac University; 4Peabody Museum of Natural History).

346

Interpreting the Life of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MONIQUE OSIGBEME*, CHENERE PIERCE RAMSEY, MALU TANSEY, JOSHUA ROBINSON, JOHN KINGSTON, and ARRI EISEN (Emory University, Atlanta, GA).

347

Evidence of Trepanation in a 26th Dynasty Mummy from Akhmim, Egypt, JONATHAN P. ELIAS1*, CARTER LUPTON2, and ROBERT D. HOPPA3 (1Akhmim Mummy Studies Consortium, Carlisle, PA; 2Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI; 3University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada).

348

The Weird and the Wonderful – The Scientific Study of a Miniature Mummy, LIDIJA McKNIGHT*, NATALIE McCREESH, and ANDY GIZE (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK).

349

DNA, EDAX, and Radiocarbon Analysis of Burials and Textiles from the BYU Excavation of the Fag el Gamous Cemetery in Fayoum, Egypt, ADDISON ALLEY*, CHRISTOPHER EPPICH*, MATTHEW BIGGS, GARRETT MULLINS, CARTER NEWEY, DAVID M. WHITCHURCH, RICHARD HECKMANN, and R. PAUL EVANS (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT).

350

Rethinking Burial Dates at a Graeco-Roman Cemetery (Fag el Gamous, Fayoum, Egypt), DAVID M. WHITCHURCH* and R. PAUL EVANS (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT).

351

Parasitology of the Piraino 1 Mummy, Sicily, Italy, KELSEY J. KUMM1*, KARL J. REINHARD2, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI3, ADAUTO ARAÚJO4, and SCOTT L. GARDNER5 (1,2,5University of NebraskaLincoln, Lincoln, NE; 3Istituto per le Mummie e l’Iceman, EURAC, Bolzano, Italy; 4Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).

352

Forensic Palynological Analysis of Piraino 1, Sicily, Italy: Diet, Medicine, and Season of Death, MELISSA LEIN1*, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI 2, and KARL J. REINHARD3 (1,3University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE; 2 Istituto per le Mummie e l’Iceman, EURAC, Bolzano, Italy).

353

Macrofossils, Microfossils and Dietary Interpretations for Piraino 1, Sicily, SARA LEROY-TOREN1*, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI2, and KARL J REINHARD3

189 poster number is also the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors 193 (number italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation *identifies the presenter from among several authors listed

CONTRIBUTED POSTERS – Sunday (1Lincoln Public Schools Science Focus Program, Lincoln, NE; 2Istituto per le Mummie e l’Iceman, EURAC, Bolzano, Italy; 3University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE). 354

Forensic Palynological Analysis of Intestinal Contents of a Korean Mummy, PAULETTE ARGUELLES 1*, KARL J. REINHARD2, and DONG HOON SHIN3 (1,2University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE; 3Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea).

355

Parasitism of the Zweeloo Woman Bog Body with Overview of Bog Body Helminths, NICOLE SEARCHEY1*, KARL J. REINHARD2, SCOTT L. GARDNER3, DON BROTHWELL4, WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN5, FRANK MAIXNER6, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI6, ALBERT ZINK6, and RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI7,8 (1,2,3University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588; 4 University of York, York, United Kingdom; 5Drents Plateau, Assen, The Netherlands; 6EURAC- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 7University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 8University of Marseilles, Marseilles, France).

356

Microfossil Analysis of the Zweeloo Woman Bog Body, KARL J. REINHARD1*, DON BROTHWELL2, WIJNAND VAN DER SANDEN3, FRANK MAIXNER4, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI4, ALBERT ZINK4, and RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI5,6 (1University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE; 2University of York, York, United Kingdom; 3Drents Plateau, Assen, The Netherlands; 4 EURAC- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 5University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 6University of Marseilles, Marseilles, France).

357

Hounsfield Units Ranges in CT-scans of Bog Bodies and Mummies, CHIARA VILLA and NIELS LYNNERUP* (University of Copenhagen, Denmark).

358

Taphonomic Studies on the Joseon Mummies in Korea, CHANG SEOK OH1,2*, MYEUNG JU KIM3, and DONG HOON SHIN1,2 (1,2Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 3Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea).

359

Examples of Paleopathological Studies on Korean Mummies, MYEUNG JU KIM1*, YI-SUK KIM2, CHANG SEOK OH3,4, JAI-HYANG GO5, IN SUN LEE6, and DONG HOON SHIN3,4 (1,3Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea; 2Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 4Institute of Forensic Medicine, 6Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea).

360

Leishmaniasis in 15th Century Italian Nobles and Mercury Treatment, ANTONIO LANZIROTTI1, RAFFAELLA BIANUCCI2,3,4, CLIFFORD QUALLS5, EZIO FERROGLIO6, ANDREAS G. NERLICH7, VALENTINA GIUFFRA4, GINO FORNACIARI4, and OTTO APPENZELLER8* (1Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA; 2University of Turin, Italy; 3University of Marseilles, France; 4University of Pisa, Italy; 5University

of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; 6University of Turin, Italy; 7Academic Teaching Hospital MünchenBogenhausen, Munich, Germany; 8NMHEMC Research Foundation. Albuquerque, NM, USA). 361

Rethinking Anthracosis: A Critical Re-examination of a Diagnostic Trend, (Case Study from a 19th Century West Virginian Mummy), JULIA WOODWARD1*, CATHERINE GAITHER1, RAMONE GONZALEZ2, RONALD G. BECKETT2, GERALD J. CONLOGUE2, CARLYNE COOL3,4, and STEVE GROSHONG4 (1Metropolitan State College of Denver, Denver, CO; 2Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT; 3University of Colorado, Denver, CO; 4 National Jewish Health; [emailprotected]).

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Dental Morphology of a Juvenile Mummy from the Shelton Expedition: Observations and Measurements Made from CT Scans and Stereolithography, HEATHER EDGAR1* and SHARA BAILEY2 (1University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; 2New York University, New York, NY).

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Preliminary Analysis by FTIR Spectroscopy of Ancient Egyptian Embalmed Heads from the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the University of Turin, Italy, MARIA GRAZIA BRIDELLI1, ALIDA DELL’ANNA1, ROSA BOANO2*, and SERGIA DE IASIO1 (1University of Parma, Italy; 2University of Turin, Italy). The World Congress on Mummy Studies program continues on page 48 of these Proceedings.

189 poster number is also the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors 193 (number italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation *identifies the presenter from among several authors listed

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CONTRIBUTED POSTERS – Monday AGRICULTURE and HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Monday, 13 June 2011

POSTER SESSION II AAAS, Pacific Division

372

Non-Cytotoxicity of Novel Antifungal Aminoglycosides in Mammalian Cells, SANJIB SHRESTHA1,3*, CHENGWEI TOM CHANG2,3, MARINA FOSSO2, YUKIE KAWASAKI1, MICHELLE GRILLEY1, and JON Y. TAKEMOTO1,3 (1,2Utah State University, Logan, UT; 3Synthetic Biomanufacturing Center (USTAR), Utah State University, Logan, UT).

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Scalable Production of Syringomycin E as an Organic Compatible Agrifungicide, YUKIE KAWASAKI*, MICHELLE GRILLEY, and JON TAKEMOTO (Utah State University, Logan, UT).

KIPJ Rooms C and D Monday NOON – 4:00 PM

IMPORTANT NOTE: Please pay close attention to the instructions for poster presenters on page 55 of these Proceedings. HEALTH SCIENCES 364

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Association of Marijuana Use and Active Caries in a National Probability Sample, MONIQUE R. BELIN*, EUGENIO AQUINO*, YAN WANG, HONGHU LIU, and MARVIN MARCUS (California Endowment Pipeline Program, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

EARTH SCIENCES 374

Vitamin D Deficiency in Humans Associates with Delayed P300 Latency and Reduced Voltage Predicting Cognitive Decline, ERIC R. BRAVERMAN1, KENNETH BLUM2,3*, KENNETH PERRINE1, and UMA J. DAMLE2 (1Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY; 2Path Foundation NY, New York, NY; 3University of Florida, Gainesville, FL).

EDUCATION (SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY) 375

Relationship Between Adiposity and Physical Function in Older Adults, ANPALAKI J. RAGAVAN (University of Nevada, Reno, NV).

Mosquito Biodiversity in San Diego: Human and Environmental Health Concerns, AMALIA R. BERSIN*, LILIA GALVEZ*, and JAY S. VAVRA (High Tech High, San Diego, CA).

376

Development and Implementation of a Workshop on Inclusive Teaching for Undergraduate and Graduate Teaching Assistants by Postdoctoral Scholars at UCSD, SANDRA L. CLEMENT*, SAURABH JOSHI, SUZANNE R. LEE, EVAN C. MERKHOFER, STEFANIE OTTO, MARTA VICENTE-CRESPO, and GABRIELE WIENHAUSEN (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA).

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Role of Muscle Mass in Weight Loss Among Obese Women, ANPALAKI J. RAGAVAN (University of Nevada, Reno, NV).

368

Frequency of Pregnancies and Long-Term Effects of Periodontal Disease in a National Probability Sample, LOLIYA BOB-MANUEL*, MARISOL CEBALLOS*, JOSE M. RODRIGUEZ*, YAN WANG, HONGHU LIU, and MARVIN MARCUS (California Endowment Pipeline Program, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

ATMOSPHERIC and OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES 377

Analysis of Climate and Tree Growth over the Last 1000 Years Using Tree Rings from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, ARMAND ANSELMO* and ZHI-YONG YIN (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

378

The Bioclastic Composition of Carbonate Sediments in Hurricane Hole and other Coral Reef Environments, St. John, USVI, CASEY CHAPMAN* and SARAH GRAY (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC and POLITICAL SCIENCES 369

Modeling the Climate Effects of 21st Century Global Warming on Selected Ski Resorts in Western Canada, MICHAEL PIDWIRNY (University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada).

How to Live to Be 100: Utah Centenarians in Their Own Words, THOMAS W. DRAPER* and ELENA OLIVER (Brigham Young University, Provo, UT).

COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 370

371

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Quadrocopter Aerial Monocular Vision for Improved Autonomous Robot Navigation, KENNY LEI (Walnut High School, Walnut, CA). An Algorithm to Determine Protein Structure Using Secondary and Tertiary Structure Prediction, VIKRAM SUNDAR (The Harker School, San Jose, CA).

ECOLOGY, ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 379

Scrubbing the Air: Reducing Carbon Dioxide Levels with Frageria californica, Galvezia speciosa, Heteromeles argutifolia, and Salvia clevelandii, CAROLINE FROST (Chaminade College Preparatory School, Los Angeles, CA and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA).

189 poster number is also the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors 193 (number italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation *identifies the presenter from among several authors listed

CONTRIBUTED POSTERS – Monday 380

Examination of Physiological and Behavioral Effects on White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis in a Closed Recirculating System, SAMUEL M. HOLLEY (Huntington Beach High School, Huntington Beach, CA).

389

Identifying Myostatin in Yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) using Degenerate PCR, ALYSSA BERNARDI* and MARY SUE LOWERY (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA).

390

The Effects of Exercise on the Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor in Juvenile Yellowtail, SARAH JONES* and MARY SUE LOWERY (University of San Diego, San Diego, CA). Identification of a Second Site Suppressor of cdc24 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, SHANI M.C. CHAPMAN* and SALLY G. PASION (San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA).

ANTHROPOLOGY and ARCHAEOLOGY 381

Analysis of Hair Attributed to an Unidentified Species of Primate, KYLE GRAGG, JEFF MELDRUM*, and HENNER FAHRENBACH (Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID).

391

382

Incomplete Lumbar Spine and Its Applications in the Estimation of Sex, MARIA JELACA-TAVAKOLI1* and MARY E. LEWIS2 (1Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA; 2University of Reading, Reading,
United Kingdom).

392

Ah Receptor Interacts with Activated Stat1 to Promote Cell Proliferation, CHERI L. LAMB*, BRIAN ELLSWORTH, and KRISTEN A. MITCHELL (Boise State University, Boise, ID).

393

Effects of the Orai1 Gene on the Skull Formation, AYANA USSERY1*, ROSA NAPOLES1, HYE-WON CHOI2, and JEANNE NERVINA3 (1,2Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-College Science Education Program and the UCLA School of Dentistry; Los Angeles, CA; 3University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI).

ORAL BIOLOGY and DENTAL MEDICINE 383

Developing a Rat Model of Facial Inflammation, CHARDONNAY WARD*, YATENDRA MULPURI, and IGOR SPIGELMAN (Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-College Science Education Program, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

384

Chronic Inflammation and Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Oral Keratinocytes, REBECCA UDOKOP* and KIHYUK SHIN (Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-College Science Education Program and the UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

385

UBC9 Expression in Oral Cancerous Cells, BERENICE FLORES*, MICHELLE PICENO*, CHENXI SONG, MIN ZHANG, and SHEN HU (Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-College Science Education Program and the UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

386

Susceptibility of Oral Cancer Stem Cells to NK Cell Death versus their Differentiated Counterparts, CAMILLE BROWN*, CANDY MACIAS*, Helen tseng, caitlin lanzon, and anahid jewett (Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-College Science Education Program and The Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

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Combined Effects of TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha on Dental Pulp Stem Cell Differentiation, XAVIER BROOKS*, ESMERALDA ALVAREZ*, JU EUN OH, SHEBLI MEHRAZARIN, SUSAN BAE, and MO KANG (Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pre-College Science Education Program and the UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA).

CELL and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 388

The Effect of Ginkgo biloba on the Mouse Hippocampus, ALEXA ARANJO (Chadwick School, Palos Verdes Peninsula, CA and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA). 189 poster number is also the abstract number abstracts contain complete contact information for authors 193 (number italicized and underlined) identifies a student presentation *identifies the presenter from among several authors listed

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NOTES

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ABSTRACTS Abstracts are grouped by program. Not all presenters submitted an abstract. Except for editing of titles, authors and affiliations for consistency, abstracts have not been edited to any degree for grammar or content and are presented as submitted by the authors.

PLENARY LECTURES Sunday Evening Public Lecture Sunday, 7:00 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

1 NeuroEngineering: Evolution of Biopsychosocial Networks in Humans, ICHIRO NISHIMURA (Professor and Director, The Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry; [emailprotected]). The mission of UCLA Weintraub Center is to sustain the quality of life of our patients who suffer from facial defects and dysfunction. What are the functions of the human face? In “The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals” published in 1872, Charles Darwin proposed that the innate facial expression was universal among all human races and obtained through our evolutional process. Emotional experiences in the brain immediately activate neuro-muscular networks, resulting in the delicate modulation of smooth muscles of vasculature and intestinal systems and arrector pili of hair follicles, as well as skeletal muscles of shoulders, arms and legs. However, the most significant emotional influence may be projected to the facial muscles, resulting in the recognizable changes in facial form. The facial expression of emotions plays the most significant role in non-verbal communication. Various disorders affect the central or peripheral nervous systems and interfere with the ability to control facial expression. As a result, these patients are isolated from social networks. It has been noted in many cases that innate and voluntary facial expressions are differentially affected, suggesting that the voluntary control of facial expression is regulated through a separate mechanism. In fact, a large part of social communication today may be achieved by the voluntary facial expression, which is considered unique to humans and thus may be acquired through evolutional development of the neuro-muscular system of the face. The therapeutic use of both innate and voluntary facial expressions may provide a clue in addressing the ill-fated biopsychosocial network of our patients. In order to engineer the lost smile, a concept of NeuroEngineering is currently being developed.

Monday Noon Public Lecture Monday, 12:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

2 Journeying Through Stressed Urban Systems, H.J.S. FERNANDO (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratories, Departments of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences and Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46530; [emailprotected]). The Earth system is maintained in a stable climatic state by a

myriad of forcing, responses and feedbacks. While the components of Earth system have ability to absorb disturbances while maintaining essential functions and structure (resilience), beyond certain thresholds either the entire system, its components or building blocks thereof may shift to entirely different functionalities. While little control is possible on natural (external) disturbances, humans have the ability to minimize their own environmental stressors via sound planning, designs and management so that (human-centric) urban systems can be developed and maintained in sustainable manner. This presentation concerns some recent catastrophic failures of urban ecosystems during natural disasters due to environmentally incongruous engineering designs (e.g., Hurricane Katrina) or poor regulatory enforcement (e.g., .Sumatra Tsunami). Lessons learnt from such studies can be incorporated into future sustainable urban-systems designs.

Monday Evening Public Lecture Monday, 7:00 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

3 Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Human Remains, DAVID R. HUNT (Physical/Forensic Anthropologist and Collections Manager, Physical Anthropology Division, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; [emailprotected]). Comprehensive, in-depth study of human remains, especially desiccated and mummified bodies requires a broad spectrum of knowledge. With advances in techniques and methods of research, no one person can adequately conduct all the analytical procedures which should be employed. It is essential to assemble a team of specialists and experts in their particular areas of research to effectively investigate the remains, associating artifacts and the relating provenance. A multidisciplinary study of a preserved body from a 19th Century Iron Coffin recovered in Washington, DC will be presented and used as the foundation to discuss other mummy projects which have incorporated a diverse panel of specialists and experts from various disciplines. This methodology resulted in a greater understanding about the life, death and cultural context of the individual. If we choose to risk damage to our irreplaceable artifacts of the past, it is then our responsibility to be rigorous, thorough and employ the best practices in research.

Tuesday Pre-Noon Lecture World Congress on Mummy Studies Invited Lecture Tuesday, 11:45 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

4 The Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary Islands, Spain, CONRADO RODRÍGUEZ MARTÍN1*, PABLO ATOCHE2, and ANGELES RAMÍREZ2 (1Instituto

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ABSTRACTS – Public Lectures Canario de Bioantropologia (OAMC-Cabildo de Tenerife); 2Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; [emailprotected]). This paper is devoted to the physical anthropological characteristics and pathological features of the protohistoric (Prehispanic) populations of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, both belonging to the Canarian Archipelago (Spain), located in the Atlantoic Ocean closest to the northwest shore of Africa. Besides a comparative study between both islands, the main goal of this study is to advance the knowledge of the population groups in these islands before the European Conquest (15th century AD), especially their bioadaptability to the islands’ environments.

Please note: This paper is included in the Project Canarias: Colonización Humana Protohistórica, Bioadaptación Insular y Transformación Medioambiental (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, HAR20009-08519).

Tuesday Noon Public Lecture Tuesday, 12:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

5 Vitamin D, JOHN CANNELL (Executive Director, Vitamin D Council, San Luis Obispo, CA; www.vitamindcuncil.org). In the last decade, no other nutrient has been the object of as much publicity as has vitamin D. Is it really a vitamin? How does it work? How does one make it from the sun? Why has it been called the “repair and maintenance” steroid hormone? Is it true that its substrate is solely dependent on human behavior? What is the strength of the science connecting it to cardiovascular disease, cancer, infections, autoimmune disorders, and mental illness? What is an adequate vitamin D blood level? What is an ideal vitamin D blood level? How much vitamin D can one make from sunshine? How much vitamin D should indoor workers take every day? How much should pregnant women and children take every day? This talk will attempt to answer some of these questions.

Wednesday Noon Public Lecture Wednesday, 12:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

6 Once and Future Giants: What Ice Age Extinctions Tell Us about the Fate of Earth’s Largest Animals, SHARON LEVY (Science writer, PO Box 4352, Arcata, CA 95518: [emailprotected]). Mammoths, camels, saber-toothed cats and massive ground sloths once walked the ground that has become Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, and foraged on the marsh land now buried beneath Chicago’s streets. Then, just as the first humans settled the Americas, these Ice Age giants vanished forever. New research on the demise of Ice Age megafauna now offers vital insights for modern conservation. Understanding the demise of the mastodon may help us create strategies to protect today’s endangered elephants, rhinos, tigers and wolves. Conservation biologists steeped in the lessons of the Pleistocene take the argument further: they now suggest that in some cases, deliberately introducing exotic megafauna may be critical to restoring damaged ecosystems. Should we strive to replicate the species assemblages found by the first Europeans as they colonized the globe, as traditional conservation efforts assume? Or should we instead work to rebuild whole ecosystems, filling niches left empty by the top predators and large herbivores humans have extirpated?

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SYMPOSIA Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research Sunday, starting at 10:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre

7 Introduction to Applied Ethics of Ancient Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI1* and NIELS LYNNERUP2 (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; frank.ruhli.uzh.ch; NLY@ sund.ku.dk). Research on ancient mummified human tissues may raise issues of ethical dimensions. Hitherto, only very limited scientific groundwork has been published (e.g. Kaufmann and Rühli, J Med Ethics, 2010). The aim of this symposium is to highlight various ethical interests as well as to propose an ethical framework for future studies. We wish to focus on how some ethical concerns have been specifically met. 8 Theoretical and Historical Background, BETTINA M. KREISSL LONFAT1, NIELS LYNNERUP2, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1* (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Bettina. [emailprotected]). In recent years new ethical challenges concerning any work with human remains have arisen, particularly in the field of mummy studies. Until now neither philosophical ethics nor medical ethics have accounted for said problems and this has led to a void that needs to be addressed. Are destructive methods of research of aDNA a lesser evil when faced with the potential gain of learning more about the genetical mutations of viruses, bacteria etc.? Are mummified remains to be considered as ‘patients’? Do historically necessary results into the causes of deaths of Egyptian Pharaohs warrant their exposedness in the media? Classical theories of the concept of ‘person’ and its rights are geared towards the living and can therefore only ever satisfy one portion of the problem. A new examination of the historically grown theories and stances towards death, a person’s rights and research for the living is needed to find new ways to balance a mummy’s rights to privacy and what can be achieved through the newest methods in evolutionary medicine. 9 Stakeholder Theory for Ancient Mummy Research, INA KAUFMANN* and FRANK J. RÜHLI (Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; frank.ruhli@anatom. muzh.ch). Research with ancient mummies has currently evoked the discussion of ethical issues that should be reflected and integrated in the discussion of researchers. Such an undertaking poses significant hurdles in the identification of ethical claims, the legitimacy, and the evaluation of such claims. For this reason we make use of the stakeholder approach (Donaldson and Preston 1995; Mitchell, Agle, and Wood 1997), a valuable instrument to identify different interest groups with their variety of claims. Possible stakeholders affected by ancient mummy research are for example political and economical groups, the research community, civil society, and the mummy and its ancient cultural background. Claims among these

ABSTRACTS – Symposia stakeholders might vary according to their ethical, political, or economical content. Next to the identification, systematization of these claims is needed in order to balance and judge those with ethical relevance and to identify morally conflicting positions. The proposed stakeholder analysis for ancient mummy research will start with a general introduction of stakeholder theory, a presentation of possible stakeholders and their claims, and finally a detailed discussion of ethical claims. The stakeholder analysis can enrich the discussion of ancient mummy research in general and the development of research guidelines in specific. 10 Who Decides What: Ethical Committees, Local Population, Politicians, Lawyers, or Scientists? NIELS LYNNERUP* and LISE HARVIG (Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; NLY@ sund.ku.dk). Natural science, as developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, involves utilitarian and consequential thinking. Analyzing bone tissue from archaeologically found human material, does not present an ethical problem, as the aim and result will add knowledge about the past and give us a better understanding of our biocultural development. However, categorical imperatives may be brought by people feeling close to the remains so that handling and analyzing the bones is seen as invasive and wrong. Following this line of ethical reasoning, analyzing human remains must not be done. There is no simple philosophical solution to these kinds of ethical discussions, as the deontological and utilitarian positions are incompatible. To address these problems, authorities have resorted to setting up ethics committees, to which scientists can apply for permission to perform analyses. These committees may also be charged with discussing ethical principles for the general population. In an archaeological excavation involving human remains, the use of stakeholder analysis may be advocated, as this is a quick way to ascertain who may play a role in the excavation. Setting up ethics committees, or outlining ethical guidelines, is beneficial. Aside from ethical principles, we also stress that scientific correctness is ethical in itself. Sloppy handling of human remains and botched sampling is not only bad science, but should also be judged as unethical. When excavating and analyzing human remains, ethical behaviour also implies correct documentation and the effort to keep destructive sampling to a minimum. Human remains must be seen as a fundamentally different kind of archaeological material: they must be handled with respect. The archaeologists and natural scientists involved in analyses of human remains must be prepared to explain their intended projects, analyses, and ethical considerations to the general public. 11 Death on Display: Lived Life and a Good Story, Ethical Considerations when Displaying Mummies for a New Museum, PAULINE ASINGH (Moesgaard Museum, Aarhus, Denmark; c/o frank. [emailprotected]). Grauballe Man, the world’s best preserved bog body, is on display at the Moesgaard Museum in Denmark. The exhibition is built around the results of new scientific investigations of the bog body in which ethical considerations were important in developing the scenographic context. The story of life behind the death has resulted in a tremendous interest from our audience. In 2014 Moesgaard Museum opens a new 15,000 m2 museum of archaeology and social anthropology. Focus of the exhibitions is man and a good story. Offset of the stories lies mainly in new

scientific studies of bog bodies and skeletons from past history. We let them tell the story in a whole new way to identify with the audience. The exhibited bodies and human remains are thus central to the narration. This also entails ethical considerations, as how and when recognizable, well-preserved human remains are to be exhibited, if at all, and how the human remains enter into a broader context. In a museum exhibit, the questions of ethics are not only concerned with the human remains and their provenance and ancestry, etc., but also with the ethical notions of the visitors. 11a An Historical Perspective on the Display of Egypt’s Royal Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt; [emailprotected]). This paper will present the history of display of the royal mummies and discuss issues in Egypt that relate to the display of human remains from ancient Egypt. 12 Proposal for an Ethical Framework for Ancient Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI1*, BETTINA M. KREISSL LONFAT1, INA KAUFMANN1, and NIELS LYNNERUP2 (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2 Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; frank.ruhli@ anatom.uzh.ch). The debate on whether to and if so how to examine (and display) ancient mummies is one of great controversy. One must be aware that the issue of how to store, analyze, and communicate on ancient mummies in an ethical way requires further discussions by the research community and a strong integration of current local ethical frameworks and culture. Based on the stakeholder approach (Kaufmann and Ruehli 2010), we now continue with a first draft of a general ethical framework that is intended to provide ethical guidance in research with artificial and natural mummies, independent to their culture of origin. The framework addresses aspects of the integrity of the mummy, questions of informed consent, and the extent of invasive and tissue- destroying examinations. These are contrasted with the interests of the single researcher and the research community (e.g. uniqueness of the mummy as a research object and the progress of knowledge). We hope to present a framework that gives researchers working with human remains an orientation on how to ethically treat these dead. The framework intends to guide progress in ancient mummy research in an ethical, desirable, and justifiable manner. It does not advocate for completely stopping research with human remains. Thus, we do not intentionally recommend a specific solution or decision, but rather we want to stimulate an open-minded discussion. Without knowing or understanding the ethical concepts of the deceased, it is dangerous and short-sighted to assume the best manner on how to act in such unique scientific situations. Kaufmann, I. M. and Ruehli, F. J. 2010. Without ‘Informed Consent’? Ethics and Ancient Mummy Research. Journal of Medical Ethics, 36(10): 608-613.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia

The Forensic Science of Clinical Mental Health Counseling: The Theresa Lewis Case Monday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Room E

13 Overview and Wrap-up Questions for Forensic Mental Health in Death Penalty Cases, RONN JOHNSON (Clinical Mental Health Counseling, School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). Capital case research has informed the U. S. Supreme Court that jurors often make sentencing decisions based on personal feelings about a defendant. Juror decisions are also made with a measurable degree of uncertainty about their responsibilities as triers of fact. Clinical mental health professionals are frequently involved in a key role during capital cases as part of a multidisciplinary team. At a minimum, the role and responsibilities of a mental health professional by default requires advanced clinical skills, knowledge of the court system, as well as competencies for appropriately responding to cultural, ethical and forensic mental health issues emerging from capital cases. For example, one mental health standard for mitigation practice is the forensic assessment and presentation of clear and convincing evidence about a defendant’s life and character that is sufficient to compel jurors to consider a complexity of biopsychosocial issues in deciding attribution of responsibility that mitigate defendants’ legal accountability in capital offenses. The same concerns about scientific methods (e.g., Daubert or Frye Standards) are applicable with judges in these death penalty cases. This forensic mental health science symposium presents a conceptual framework of the issues that surround mitigation practices in capital cases. This symposium uses the capital case of Theresa Lewis as a platform to examine several forensic mental health factors. A question and answer period follows a counter-point discussion of each paper presented. 14 Opposing Forensic Mental Health Reports in Death Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN*, BRIANNA J. BOWMAN*, and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110;[emailprotected]). Teresa Lewis was executed in the state of Virginia for two counts of capital murder for hire and related charges of conspiracy to commit capital murder, robbery, and use of a firearm. There has been much debate about Lewis’s mental state at the time of her crimes and whether this was a mitigating factor in her commission of the crimes. Two opposing psychological reports will be presented, reviewing the assessment and diagnosis of her dependent personality disorder with an examination of its co-morbidity to her diagnosis of mental retardation. One psychological report will include testimony from Dr. Costanzo and Dr. Haskins, who concluded that Teresa Lewis did suffer from dependent personality disorder, which affected her mental state at the time she committed her crimes. The opposing psychological report will include testimony from Dr. Hagan, who concluded that Teresa Lewis did not suffer from dependent personality disorder and exhibited conduct that showed a passive aggressive or an aggressive dependency. 15 IQ as a Mitigating Factor in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTIN M. DASCANIO* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]).

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In 2004, the Circuit Court of Pittsylvania County sentenced Teresa Wilson Bean Lewis to death for two counts of capital murder (Lewis v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 2004). She was the first woman to be given a death sentence in Virginia in almost a century. Her case stirred controversy in the public eye for a number of factors, especially her low intellectual functioning. Years earlier, in Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the court ruled that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment to impose the death penalty on someone who is classified as mentally retarded. Opponents of the ruling on Lewis cited her low IQ score of 72 as falling within this category, arguing that the sentence of death should have been waived. This presentation will address the significant considerations for IQ that arose as a result of the Atkins and Lewis cases, specifically with regard to the question of intellectual functioning and the death penalty. It will cover definitions of mental retardation as held clinically and by state legislatures, assessment practices in forensic psychology, controversies over current practices and standards, implications and suggestions for forensic psychologists, and finally current and future trends in relevant research. 16 Dependent Personality Disorder as a Mitigating Factor in Death Penalty Cases, ERICA J. BESSEN* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110;ebessen@ sandiego.edu). Dependent personality disorder is defined in the DSM IV-TR as a “pervasive psychological dependence on other people.” People diagnosed with dependent personality disorder can suffer from symptoms such as difficulty making decisions without the reassurance of others, needing others to take responsibility for his or her actions, seeking relationships as a resource of comfort, care, and support, and feeling severely fearful at the thought of being left alone. Dependent personality disorder has also been brought up as a mitigating factor in death penalty cases. In the recent case of Teresa Lewis, her appeal to have her death penalty sentence commuted to life in prison was denied, although she argued that her dependent personality disorder and low IQ were mitigating factors in the commission of her crimes. She was executed in Virginia in September 2010. Dependent personality disorder has been brought up as a mitigating factor in other death penalty cases (Examples: Basden v. Lee and State v. White). In some cases, dependent personality was considered a mitigating factor and precluded the defendant from receiving the death penalty. In other cases, such as Teresa Lewis, dependent personality was not considered to be a mitigating factor in preventing her from execution. This presentation will examine these past cases of dependent personality disorder as a mitigating factor in death penalty cases in the United States. 17 Forensic Mental Health Issues in Domestic Violence, SHARLAINE BROCKHOFF* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). Teresa Lewis was convicted of domestically violent criminal offenses for hiring two gentlemen to shoot and kill her husband and her stepson. Studies have suggested that individuals who have experienced domestic violence during their childhood or within their marriage may be predisposed to act violently towards their own children or spouses later on in their lifetime. Although there is little evidence of Teresa Lewis having been exposed to serious acts of domestic violence within her marriage, Lewis testified that she was

ABSTRACTS – Symposia exposed to adultery, physical abuse and abandonment from an early age. Domestic violence extends beyond physical and sexual abuse to include emotional and psychological abuse, financial abuse, and verbal abuse. Teresa Lewis’ family experienced financial problems which contributed to stress in her relationship with her husband. Additionally, Teresa Lewis was assessed during court proceedings as being borderline mentally retarded with an IQ score of 72. She was also diagnosed with dependent personality disorder. This essay will review forensic mental health assessments and evaluations of offenders in domestic violence cases. The psychological effects of domestic violence both among offenders and victims will also be discussed. Lastly, we will review research on the mental health conditions of domestic violence offenders, focusing on women who commit physically violent acts in domestic relationships. 18 Forensic Mental Health Cultural and Ethical Considerations in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). In the U.S. Supreme Court hearing of the case of Furman v. Georgia (1972), which included the cases of three African American men who were sentenced to death; two for rape and one for a possibly accidental fatal shooting of a man, the public became aware that a disproportionate number of ethnic minority defendants were sentenced to death by juries. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in a 5-4 decision that the juries were violating the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution, which protects citizens from “cruel and unusual” punishment. This decision had many ramifications, but what will be discussed in this presentation is the role of ethnicity in death penalty cases. Judgments determining an offender’s level of risk and whether he/she is deemed to be a mentally disordered offender or a mentally ‘normal’ offender influences his/her sentencing, placement and treatment after trial. In Barefoot v. Estelle (1983) the U.S. Supreme Court asserted that the psychiatrists’ testimony on Barefoot’s future dangerousness was acceptable and allowable. Barefoot was subsequently executed. Assessments of dangerousness, therefore, can act as a significant mitigating factor in death penalty cases. Risk assessments for violence commonly used in forensic settings include the Historical, Clinical and Risk Management Scheme (HCR-20) and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The literature review focused on the validity and reliability of the HCR-20 and the PCL-R with ethnically diverse and/or female mentally disordered criminal offenders. 19 Behavioral Disorders or Mental Impairment not Contained in the DSM-IV-TR: Clinical and Forensic Implications, HEIDI BECKENBACH* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). For those who work in the mental health field, proper diagnosis of a client is rendered after steps that include: a clinical interview, information gathering, assessment, and consultation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). These steps are standard practice in the clinical field, but what about the situations where a client has most but not all the criteria of a disorder listed in the DSM-IV-TR? Or when a client exhibits symptoms of a disorder/impairment that is supported by the scientific community but not contained in the

DSM-TR-IV, (i.e., Psychopathy, Munchausen Syndrome, Anaclitic Depression, Sociopathy and Battered Women’s Syndrome)? How do these examples effect working with clients in clinical and forensic settings? These questions represent issues that mental health workers are currently forced to wrestle with. This proposal aims to shed light on specific disorders/impairments not listed in the DSMIV-TR, their implications for current clinical/forensic practice and hopes for future changes in the field. 20 Clinical Mental Health Issues in Death Penalty Cases, KRISTEN N. GREIDER* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). Defendants in death penalty cases often present with mental health issues that act as mitigating factors during trial, sentencing, commitment, and/or execution. Important factors include the defendant’s prior mental health diagnoses and history, state of mind at the time of offense, and current mental health status. Common clinical mental health issues in death penalty cases include competency, malingering, criminal responsibility and capacity, civil commitment, and assessing for dangerousness. Depending on current state law, a defendant may or may not meet the criteria for these different factors. For example, in Teresa Lewis Case, analysis of intelligence tests performed, adaptive functioning assessments, and a review of her personal history failed to meet the requirements for the determination of mental retardation in capital cases according to Virginia Code of Law Section 19.2-264.3:1.1. This presentation will review mitigating mental health factors in the context of influential death penalty cases. A critical review of current research on risk assessments and risk management in forensic populations will be used to address risk as a mitigating factor in death penalty cases; with a focus on: violence recidivism, risk assessments most commonly used in forensic populations, and civil commitment considerations for mentally-disordered criminal offenders. 21 Identifying, Securing, Organizing and Reviewing Mental Health Data in Death Penalty Cases, KELSEY R. CAMPION* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). When a counselor becomes involved in death penalty cases there is information that must be taken into consideration when evaluating, treating and making clinical judgments regarding the client. Before a counselor can determine what information is needed, clearly defined roles must be established because the information needed may vary depending upon the counselor’s role as an expert witness, a consultant, or a therapist. Once roles are defined the counselor must have an understanding of legal and behavioral issues regarding the case, determine the information they will need to fulfill their roles and gather that information. School, psychiatric, psychological, criminal, and employment records need to be secured in order to review relevant background information regarding the client. Once information is gathered, counselors must organize it in a relevant, informative, and defensible manner in order to serve their intended purpose. Counselors must determine if writing a report is necessary and/or in the best interest of the client and the case as once a report is written it is considered evidence and is discoverable. Forensic work can be extremely time consuming for counselors involved and therefore it is important that the counselor on the case is aware of

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia upcoming deadlines and pertinent information relating to the case. Counselors’ gathering, organizing and presentation of case-related information is imperative when serving on death penalty cases. Understanding what is needed before court proceedings begin can help counselors to better manage their time and resources during often lengthy and time-consuming trials. 22 Care of the Mental Health Professional in Death Penalty Cases, NICHOLAS F. O’MADDEN* and RONN JOHNSON (School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA92110; nfomadden@sandeigo. edu). The idea that self-care is a primary obligation for mental health professionals is an interesting notion that should be addressed. The consensus among many mental health professionals is that self-care is an ethical imperative. Without caring for themselves, it is unlikely that they will be able to optimally care for their clients. Mental health professionals involved in death penalty cases may experience increased stress due to operating in forensic settings, having to confront and negotiate their own beliefs and ethics regarding the death penalty, and being confronted with the imminent execution of their client(s). Inmates receiving services from mental health professionals often present with loneliness, powerlessness, hopelessness, dehumanization, demoralization, tension, decay, apathy, and psychological pressure (Brown and Benningfield, 2008). Mental health professionals are ethically obligated to help their clients with these particular symptoms while operating under the realization of the inevitable death of their clients. To ensure that mental health professionals are practicing at their highest level of functioning, and are not compromised by stress or burnout, they should be encouraged to monitor four dimensions of health: physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. Subjective and objective methods that mental health professionals can use to self-evaluate their level of health while working in death penalty cases will be explored in this presentation.

7th Annual Symposium on Advances in Materials Science and Nanotechnology Monday, starting at 8:25 am. in KIPJ Room 215

23 Single Molecule Lysozyme Dynamics Monitored by an Electronic Circuit, PATRICK C. SIMS1*, YONGKI CHOI2, STEVEN R. HUNT1, ISSA MOODY3, BRAD L. CORSO1, GREGORY A. WEISS3,4, and PHILIP G. COLLINS1,2 (1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 926974576; 2Institute for Surface and Interface Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2375; 3Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4292; 4 epartment of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025; [emailprotected]). The electronic properties of nanoscale conductors are very sensitive to their environment, and this property has led to a decadelong investigation of potential chemical sensor and biosensor applications. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are particularly appealing elements because they are hollow conductors with all of their conduction electrons on the exposed surface. Recently, we have demonstrated single molecule dynamic sensitivity using field effect transistors made out of individual SWCNTs (1). Similar devices have now been applied to the problem of

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sensing protein dynamics in physiologically-relevant solutions. Our work focuses on the dynamics of the lysozyme enzyme. By attaching a lysozyme to a SWCNT device, we have accomplished real-time monitoring of lysozyme’s single molecule dynamics. Electronic monitoring with a temporal resolution of 10 microseconds occurs as the mechanical motions of the protein cause changes in the conductance of the SWCNT. Acquisition times can be continued for tens of minutes, allowing for the investigation of a single protein over a wide range of time scales. This data helps to address uncertainty concerning the mechanism of lysozyme’s enzymatic turnover. Analysis of the changes in conductance show various Poisson processes that may be related to the hinge motion of the lysozyme molecule during non-catalytic and catalytic binding of the peptidoglycan substrate. Furthermore, the single molecule rates show the expected pH dependence.

1. B. R. Goldsmith et al., Nano Lett. 8, 189 (2008); B. R. Goldsmith et al., J. Mat. Res. 23, 1197 (2008).

24 Scanning Gate Spectroscopy and Its Application to Carbon Nanotube Defects, ELLIOT J. FULLER*, STEVEN R. HUNT, BRAD L. CORSO, and PHILIP G. COLLINS (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; [emailprotected]). This presentation describes a novel type of scanning probe characterization called scanning gate spectroscopy (SGS). Our method is based upon scanning gate microscopy, a technique for characterizing the electronic properties of a surface and, in particular, of electronic devices. Scanning gate microscopy has proven very important for understand nanomaterials and how they might be used in circuits. In the new SGS technique, we have extended the usefulness of scanning gate microscopy by acquiring images using a continuous range of probe potentials. The result captures not just a surface image, but also the energy dependence of scattering sites, boundaries, and other electronic surface features. As an example, we investigate resistance along a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). SGS clearly observes the individual sites that contribute most to a SWCNT resistance, including defects or chemical attachments that are not visible topographically. Furthermore, SGS directly resolves the energy spectrum of electronic scattering at a defect site and allows us to extract the effective barrier width and heights of such features. 25 Experimental Measurements of Endogenous Electric Fields in MEMS Devices: Toward a Second Law Challenge, DANIEL P. SHEEHAN (Department of Physics, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). Nanoscale devices traditionally rely on external voltage sources for power, e.g., batteries, fuel cells, power supplies. In principle, however, electric potentials and fields at the microscale can be established between dissimilar metals and semiconductors via the dissimilar chemical potentials of their mobile charge carriers. These endogenous potentials and fields can be sustained indefinitely without power consumption and can regenerate quickly at system boundaries. It has been proposed that these fields can lead to challenges to the second law when incorporated in MEMS and NEMS devices [1,2]. A decade-long objection to these challenges has been that endogenous fields have not been experimentally measured. This paper details the experimental verification of the magnitudes and locations of these predicted fields, using scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. 1) D.P. Sheehan, A.R. Putnam, and J.H. Wright, Found. Phys. 32, 1557 (2002).

ABSTRACTS – Symposia 2) D.P. Sheehan and D.H.E. Gross, Physica A 370, 461 (2006).

is at question.

26 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions, DANIEL P. SHEEHAN, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARAMELLA (Department of Physics, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). It is well known that gas molecules can adsorb, desorb, dissociate and recombine at different rates on different chemical surfaces; the world’s catalyst industry relies on these differences. It has been predicted that, under low-pressure blackbody cavity conditions, differences in these rates between surfaces could give rise to steadystate gas phase nonequilibria, thereby challenging of the second law of thermodynamics [1-4]. This paper reports on the first laboratory realization of this scenario. Low-pressure molecular hydrogen was found to dissociate and desorb preferentially on rhenium compared with tungsten at elevated temperatures. Inside of blackbody cavities lines with either tungsten or rhenium, resistors and thermocouples fashioned from rhenium and tungsten filaments were monitored for changes in their temperatures, based on electrical resistance and Seebeck voltage. As predicted by theory, under hydrogen atmospheres -- but not under either vacuum or helium atmospheres -- filament resistances and Seebeck voltages indicated large temperature differentials (> 100K) were maintained between the metals inside the cavities, in conflict with the second law. Theory, experiment, and possible applications of these results will be detailed.

28 Rheological Measurements in the Isotropic, Nematic and Lamellar Phase of the Cesium Pentadecafluorooctanoate/H2O System, PANOS PHOTINOS (Department of Chemistry, Physics, Materials and Engineering, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR 97520; [emailprotected]). The flow curves of the Cesium Pentadecafluorooctanoate (CsPFO)/H2O at concentration 46% by weight are presented. The system shows a ~ 5 ºC wide disk nematic (ND) range between the isotropic and the lamellar smectic phase. At low shear rates (9 km away. No trend in biomass with distance was apparent in late fall, when total biomass was relatively low. Biomass levels near icebergs during spring and summer were comparable to values from highly productive marginal ice zones. Sample variance also was significantly higher within 1.85 km of icebergs during spring and summer, reflecting increased patchiness on scales of 104 m3. This trend was not significant during late fall. Large predatory medusae were observed within 1.85 km of icebergs and in areas through which icebergs pass frequently, but were virtually absent in areas remote from icebergs. Small euphausiids showed an inverse distribution, with low densities in areas populated by large medusae. Our results suggest that the macrozooplankton and micronekton assemblages near free-drifting icebergs can be quantitatively and qualitatively different from those in surrounding, iceberg-free waters, perhaps due to both bottom-up and top-down processes as well as physical forcing by the passage of a large object through the upper ocean.

Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, Part II

Tuesday, starting at 8:45 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms A and B

(Continued from Monday; see page 67 of these Proceedings for Monday abstracts.)

87 Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Human Cognition and Affect, DARYL J. BEM (Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853; [emailprotected]). Six experiments are described that take well-established psychological effects on human cognition and affect and “timereverse” them so that the individual’s responses are obtained before the putatively causal stimulus events occur. For example, two experiments tested for the retroactive facilitation of recall: It is well known that rehearsing or practicing a set of verbal materials enhances an individual’s ability to recall them on a subsequent test. In our experiment, participants are first shown 48 common words one at a time and are then asked to recall as many of those words as they can. They are then given practice exercises on a randomly selected subset of those words. The results show that participants recalled more of the words they later practiced than the control words they did not practice. Two experiments on retroactive priming provide evidence for retroactive influence on an individual’s response times when judging the pleasantness or unpleasantness of visual stimuli. Finally, two experiments provide evidence for the retroactive habituation to emotionally arousing visual stimuli. Each of the six experiments was independently statistically significant, and across all six, the combined z = 3.66, p = .0001, with an effect size (d) of 0.25. The six experiments described are a subset of nine retroactive influence experiments whose combined z = 6.66, p = 1.34 × 10-11, with an effect size of 0.22 88 Retrocausal Effects as a Consequence of Orthodox Quantum Mechanics Refined to Accommodate The Principle of Sufficient Reason, HENRY P. STAPP (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; hpstapp@lbl. gov). The principle of sufficient reason asserts that anything that happens does so for a reason: no definite state of affairs can come into being unless there is a sufficient reason why that particular thing should happen. This principle is usually attributed to Leibniz, although the first recorded Western philosopher to use it was Anaximander of Miletus. The demand that nature be rational, in the sense that it be compatible with the principle of sufficient reason, conflicts with a basic feature of contemporary orthodox physical theory, namely the notion that nature’s response to the probing action of an observer is determined by pure chance, and hence on the basis of absolutely no reason at all. This appeal to pure chance can be deemed to have no rational fundamental place in reasonbased Western science. It is argued here, on the basis of other basic principles of quantum physics, that in a world that conforms to the principle of sufficient reason, the usual quantum statistical rule will naturally emerge at the pragmatic level, in cases where the reason behind nature’s choice of response is unknown, but that the usual statistics can become biased in an empirically manifest way when the reason for the choice is empirically identifiable. It is shown here that if the quantum statistical rule were to be biased in this way then the basically forward-in-time unfolding of empirical reality described by orthodox quantum mechanics would generate

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia appearances of backward-time-effects of the kind recently reported in the scientific literature. 89 Laboratory Demonstration of Retrocausation in a Digital System, GARRET MODDEL1*, ZIXU ZHU1, and ADAM M. CURRY2 (1Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 803090425; 2Psyleron, Inc., 211 N. Harrison St., Suite C, Princeton, NJ 08540; [emailprotected]). We show experimental evidence for retrocausal signal transfer between digital systems. A system incorporating two electronic random event generators (REGs) was designed and built to test for machine-based retrocausal signaling. In each trial one REG, the “controller”, sent a signal at a random time to a relay shutting off the power to a second REG, the “subject”. The output of the REGs was recorded for a run (set of trials). After the run was completed the data were analyzed, showing any deviation from randomness of the subject-REG output as a function of time. Statistically significant changes in the subject-REG output occurred before its power was cut. As a control, the controller-REG sent the usual power shut off signals to the relay, but the relay was deactivated before those trials. In the control runs, the subject-REG output did not exhibit a significant deviation from randomness before the dummy shut off signals sent from the controller-REG. The scientific literature includes many reports of retrocausation and precognition in living systems. We show how the effects that we observe in our machine-based system are linked to the effects of intention and consciousness. 90 Electrocortical Evidence for Retrocausation, DEAN RADIN1*, CASSANDRA VIETEN1, LEENA MICHEL1, and ARNAUD DELORME2 (1Institute of Noetic Sciences, 625 Second St. Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, [emailprotected]; 2Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0559, La Jolla, CA 92093). Advanced meditators occasionally report states of awareness that seem to transcend the usual boundaries of the subjective present. To investigate this phenomenon in eight experienced meditators and eight matched controls, 32 channels of EEG were measured prior to exposure to unpredictable light and sound stimuli. The postulate was that if some aspect of awareness extends beyond the present moment, then pre-stimulus electrocortical signals would differ depending on stimuli that were about to be selected by a truly random process, and that such differences would be more apparent in meditators than in non-meditators. Each of the 32 EEG channels was baseline-adjusted by the electrical potential averaged between 2 to 1 second pre-stimulus, then for each channel the average potential was determined from 1 second pre-stimulus to stimulus onset. Resulting means across subjects in each group were compared by stimulus type using randomized permutation procedures and adjusted for false discovery rate. Within the control group, no EEG channels showed pre-stimulus differences between light vs. sound stimulus conditions, but within the meditator group 5 of 32 channels resulted in significant differences. Comparisons between control and meditator groups showed pre-stimulus differences prior to audio tone stimuli in 14 of 32 channels (p < 0.05, two-tailed), of which 8 channels were at p < 0.005, two-tailed. This outcome resembles similar effects reported in over 30 previously published experiments, suggesting that some aspect of information processing may be influenced by future events.

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91 Retrocausation, Consistency, and the Bilking Paradox, YORK DOBYNS (Department of Electrical Engineering, Engineering Quadrangle, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; ydobyns@ princeton.edu). Retrocausation seems to admit of time paradoxes in which events prevent themselves from occurring and thereby create a physical instance of the liar’s paradox, an event which occurs iff it does not occur. The specific version in which a retrocausal event is used to trigger an intervention which prevents its own future cause is called the bilking paradox (the event is bilked of its cause). The analysis of Echeverria, Klinkhammer, and Thorne (EKT) suggests time paradoxes cannot arise even in the presence of retrocausation. Any self-contradictory event sequence will be replaced in reality by a closely related but noncontradictory sequence. The EKT analysis implies that attempts to create bilking must instead produce logically consistent sequences wherein the bilked event arises from alternative causes. Bilking a retrocausal information channel of limited reliability usually results only in failures of signaling. An exception applies when the bilking is conducted in response only to some of the signal values that can be carried on the channel. Theoretical analysis based on EKT predicts that, since some of the channel outcomes are not bilked, the channel is capable of transmitting data with its normal reliability, and the paradox-avoidance effects will instead suppress the outcomes that would lead to forbidden (bilked) transmissions. A recent parapsychological experiment by Bem displays a retrocausal information channel of sufficient reliability to test this theoretical model of physical reality’s response to retrocausal effects. A modified version with partial bilking would provide a direct test of the generality of the EKT mechanism. 92 Toward a Classical Thermodynamic Model for Precognition, EDWIN C. MAY (Laboratories for Fundamental Research, 330 Cowper Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301; [emailprotected]). Precognition ‑ a human response before a randomly determined future stimulus ‑ has always been part of our experience. Experiments over the last 80 years, show a small but statistically significant effect. If this turns out to be true, then it suggests a form of macroscopic retro-causation. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics provides an explanation for the apparent single direction of time although time is reversible at the microscopic level. I examined seven anomalous cognition (a.k.a., ESP) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the response was estimated by a rating system called the figure of merit. The combined Spearman’s correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (p = 6.4×10-4) with a 95% confidence interval for the correlation of [0.084, 0.332]; whereas, the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself was 0.028 (p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval of [ -0.120 – 0.175]). This suggests that anomalous cognition is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal ones are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. A standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response and for forced-choice Zener card guessing. This entropic relation and an apparent limit set by the entropy may provide a clue for understanding macroscopic retro-causation.

ABSTRACTS – Symposia 93 Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory, FRED ALAN WOLF (Have Brains / Will Travel: a Global Quantum Physics Educational Company, San Francisco CA, USA; fred@ fredalanwolf.com). It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles. 94 Retroactive Event Determination and Its Relativistic Roots, SKY E. NELSON (3414 Idaho Drive, Santa Rosa, CA 95405; [emailprotected]). Quantum theory limits what we are allowed to say about the “true” state of a quantum system if that system is unobserved. But special relativity relies fundamentally on a universal assumption about what a light particle is doing at ALL times, regardless of being observed (namely, traveling at speed c relative to any inertial observer). This constitutes a fundamental conceptual gap between the theories. In resolving this impasse we show that the state of a light particle (and hence space and time) is not objective or continuous. Time dilation and length contraction become infinite for a photon, so light has no “experience” of event separation in space or time (Δt’ = 0, Δx’ = 0). The principle of simultaneity is applied between an inertial observer and a light particle, such that the relative speed of the two systems is c, and gamma = infinite/undefined. Although light experiences no separation between events, the Lorentz transform Δt’ = γ (Δt – ΔLv/c2 ) implies that the inertial observer experiences a separation between those same events of exactly Δt = ΔL/c, a light-like separation. In other words, although light has no sense of time or space itself, light will always be measured by an observer at a position and time exactly as if it had travelled at speed c continuously through the intervening medium. This fits nicely within the limitations set by quantum mechanics. This result is connected with previous work on retroactive event determination, suggesting the ubiquitous existence of “synchronicity”.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part I

Tuesday, starting at 8:45 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms C and D

(Continues on Wednesday at 8:45 a.m.; please refer to page 99 of these Proceedings for abstracts.)

95 Second Law Violation for Non-Ergodic Interactions, L. S. SCHULMAN (Physics Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA, [emailprotected]). The implication of the title should surprise no one. What may be surprising though is how easy it is to produce a quantum system with this feature; moreover, that system is one that is often used for the purpose of showing how systems equilibrate. The violation can be variously manifested; for example, bringing together two systems at the same temperature can cause one of them to cool, with no work necessary to maintain the disequilibrium.

96 Reduced Statistical Fluctuations for an Object in a Partitioned Environment, E. DELRE1,2, P. DIPORTO2, S. DI SABATINO1, and B. CROSIGNANI3* (1Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; 2 IPCF-CNR, University of Rome “La Sapienza”,00185 Rome, Italy; 3California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA; [emailprotected]). Objects that are small enough as to feel the single collisions of the agitated molecules that make up their hosting medium move randomly about their equilibrium position. This is, in particular, the mechanism at the basis of the intriguing behavior of the socalled “adiabatic piston”, a system which appears to be unable to reach thermal equilibrium if not for extremely long time scales. This problem, which does not admit a clear way out in the frame of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, is part of the general problem of understanding the statistical fluctuations of partitioning objects. Their stochastic movement is expected to obey the ergodic hypothesis, which states that equal phase-space allowed volumes are occupied for equal time durations, provided a conveniently long observation time has elapsed. We here demonstrate how ergodicity is to all practical purposes violated and replaced by a considerable lower noise limit for specific micro-objects partitioning in two their environment. More precisely, we show how the final ergodic limit is only attained after an extremely long time, during which quite relevant time slots are present, characterized by the quasi-static sub-ergodic vibrations of the object. The above results, obtained by numerical dynamics simulations, can also be theoretically justified. These reduced random movements breach statistical limits and may form a paradigm for ultrasensitive instruments and for the design and operation of non-Brownian deterministic microscale mechanical motors. 97 A Thermodynamic Time-Arrow for Single Particle Interactions? AVSHALOM C. ELITZUR1*, ELIAHU COHEN2, and PAZ BENIAMINI3 (1Iyar, The Israeli Institute for Advanced Research, [emailprotected]; 2Physics Department, Tel-Aviv University, [emailprotected]; 3Physics Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, [emailprotected]). The debates on the origin of entropy increase (such as the Einstein-Ritz controversy) usually study many-particles interactions and macroscopic processes, assuming that no preferred time direction appears in one- or two-particle systems. We argue that the fact that every single particle has a field (electric and/or gravitational) suffices to give rise to a probabilistic time-asymmetry. The macroscopic time asymmetry may be thus derived from two givens of the microscopic world: i) The presumably-infinite field is larger than the presumably-pointlike particle, and ii) The causal influences between these two entities propagate with finite velocity. The next move is more speculative. A single particle’s electric field exhibits a striking similarity between the curvature of the field lines under i) acceleration of the charge and ii) interaction of the charge with another charge. Since the latter case also involves acceleration (attraction or repulsion), a very simple symmetry, unnoticed so far, suggests itself between field curvature and acceleration. Our attempts, however, to find a simple mathematical equation relating the two are still hindered by technical difficulties. Nevertheless, if the above intuition is correct, the resulting symmetry offers a basis for the time-asymmetry governing a single particle-plus-field system.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia 98 The Repelling Bose String, J.B. McGUIRE (Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University, 777 W. Glades Rd, Boca Raton FL, 33431, [emailprotected]). There is a body of conventional wisdom that holds that a solvable quantum problem, by virtue of its solvability, is pathological and thus irrelevant. It has been difficult to refute this view owing to the paucity of theoretical constructs and experimental results. Recent experiments involving equivalent ions trapped in a spatial conformation of extreme anisotropic confinement (longitudinal extension tens, hundreds or even thousands of times transverse extension) have modified the view of relevancy, and it is now possible to consider systems previously thought pathological, in particular point bosons that repel in one dimension. It has been difficult for the experimentalists to utilize existing theory, mainly due to long-standing theoretical misunderstanding of the relevance of the permutation group, in particular the non-commutativity of translations (periodicity) and transpositions (permutation). This misunderstanding is most easily rectified in the case of repelling bosons. 99 The Quantum Solar Cell: Using Quantum Thermodynamics to Mitigate Recombination and Enhance Efficiency, KONSTANTIN E. DORFMAN*, MARLAN O. SCULLY, and ANATOLY A. SVISZINSKY (Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; dorfman@ physics.tamu.edu). The fundamental limit to solar cell efficiency is radiative recombination which balances radiative absorption. This detailed balance condition yields a classical Carnot thermodynamic limit. We here show that it is possible to break detailed balance via quantum coherence, as in the case of lasing without inversion and the photo-Carnot quantum heat engine. This yields, in principle, a quantum Carnot limit to solar cell operation which exceeds the classical one. The efficiency of solar energy conversion is an important problem of twenty first century quantum science and engineering. The first p-n junction Si solar cells had an efficiency of around 5%. The (empirical) limit at that time was thought to be 20%. Half a decade later, Shockley and Quiesser (SQ) showed that the limit was more correctly attributed to the fact that electron-hole pairs generated by absorption of sunlight are often lost due to radiative recombination before they can contribute to useful work. Here we analyze a toy photocell illuminated by a monochromatic slice of the solar spectrum to show how we can mitigate radiative recombination and enhance efficiency via quantum coherence. 100 Experimental Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics in High-Temperature, Gas-Surface Reactions, D.P. SHEEHAN*, D.J. MALLIN, and J.T. GARAMELLA (Department of Physics, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). It is well known that gas molecules can adsorb, desorb, dissociate and recombine at different rates on different chemical surfaces; the world’s catalyst industry relies on this. In principle, under low-pressure blackbody cavity conditions, differences in these rates between different surfaces can give rise to steady-state gas phase nonequilibria, thereby challenging of the second law [1,2]. This paper reports on a laboratory realization of this scenario. Lowpressure molecular hydrogen was found to dissociate and desorb preferentially on rhenium compared with tungsten at elevated temperatures. Inside of blackbody cavities lined with either tungsten or

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rhenium, resistors and thermocouples fashioned from rhenium and tungsten filaments are being monitored for changes in their temperatures, based on electrical resistance and Seebeck voltage. Under hydrogen atmospheres -- but not under either vacuum or helium atmospheres -- Seebeck voltages indicate large temperature differentials (∆T ~ 100K) can be maintained between the metals inside the cavities, in apparent conflict with the second law. Theory, experiment, and possible applications of these results will be detailed. References: 1) D.P. Sheehan, Phys. Rev. E 57, 6660 (1998). 2) D.P. Sheehan, Phys. Lett. A 280, 185 (2001).

101 Experimental Evidence Violating Laws of Thermodynamics In Magnetostrictive Materials, GERALD PELLEGRINI (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115; gnpellegrini@ aol.com). There have been a number of experimental results which show that the magnetomechanical coupling in certain magnetostrictive materials do not satisfy the thermodynamic “Maxwell Relations”. These startling results have come from different laboratories including the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division and the University of Maryland, College Park. If these experiments are correct, and the “Maxwell Relations” are violated, the experiments represent the very important discovery of magnetic materials that do not obey the standard thermodynamic laws. In this paper, the experimental evidence will be presented along with the theoretical analysis demonstrating that the experimental data is not consistent with the existence of the standard thermodynamic potentials, and demonstrating how magnetomechanical cycles may be constructed by which energy can be extracted from the ambient temperature environment. Experimental measurements of an extraction of energy in such magnetomechanical cycles will also be presented. 102 The Proell Effect: A Macroscopic Maxwell’s Demon, KENNETH M. RAUEN (1005 Huron, Lubbock, TX 79416; kmpr27@ yahoo.com). Maxwell’s Demon is a legitimate challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics when the “demon” is executed via the Proell effect. Thermal energy transfer according to the Kinetic Theory of Heat and Statistical Mechanics that takes place over distances greater than the mean free path of a gas circumvents the microscopic randomness that leads to macroscopic irreversibility. No information is required to sort the particles as no sorting occurs; the entire volume of gas undergoes the same transition. The Proell effect achieves quasi-spontaneous thermal separation without sorting by the perturbation of a heterogeneous constant volume system with displacement and regeneration. The classical analysis of the constant volume process, such as found in the Stirling Cycle, is incomplete and therefore incorrect. There are extra energy flows that classical thermo does not recognize. When a working fluid is displaced across a regenerator with a temperature gradient in a constant volume system, complimentary compression and expansion work takes place that transfers energy between the regenerator and the bulk gas volumes of the hot and cold sides of the constant volume system. Heat capacity at constant pressure applies instead of heat capacity at constant volume. The resultant increase in calculated, recyclable energy allows the Carnot Limit to be exceeded in certain cycles. Super-Carnot heat engines and heat pumps have been designed and a US patent has been awarded.

ABSTRACTS – Symposia

Technical Studies on the Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy

Tuesday, starting at 10:30 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 103 Digital Extraction of Surface Volumes Rendered from the CT Scans of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy, ANITA PETTY (Director, Digital Manufacturing, 3M Unitek, 5620 Venice Ave NE, Suite G, Albuquerque, NM 87113; [emailprotected]). This project is part of a multidisciplinary study of a Late Period Egyptian child mummy head (MCCM 1921.56) collected from Egypt during the 1920 Shelton Expedition. Its purpose is to demonstrate the efficacy of a non-destructive method for digitally extracting 3-D volumetric data sets from CT scans. In this study, the primary and unerupted permanent dentition of a four year-year old child mummy were digitally extracted, separated, and rendered using advanced surfacing algorithms and 3-D engineering software. The resulting teeth models were then physically reproduced using stereo-lithography to allow for follow-on odontology studies. 104 Chemical Analysis of the Resin on Wrappings of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy, DAVE SEAPY1, ADEL SAIED1, MARVIN ROWE1,2*, and ANITA PETTY3 (1Science Program, Texas A&M University (Qatar campus); 2Conservation Lab, Museum of New Mexico, 706 Camino Lejo, Santa Fe, NM 87505; 3Digital Operations, 3M Unitek, 5620 Venice Ave NE, Suite G, Albuquerque, NM 87113; [emailprotected]). This analysis is part of a multidisciplinary study of a Late Period Egyptian child mummy head (MCCM 1921.56) collected from Egypt during the 1920 Shelton Expedition. Its purpose is to derive information on the chemical composition and potential origin of the resin collected from this mummy using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (CG-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. Samples of the resin-coated wrappings were obtained from the mummy head and prepared for analysis. Solid state FTIR was performed to obtain a molecular fingerprint and qualitative analysis of the materials present. The resin was then extracted from the wrappings using dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and other solvents which allowed the molecules present to be studied. CG-MS and NMR spectroscopy studies of the resin are complementary techniques to the FTIR analysis as they are capable of yielding specific identities of substances present in test samples. Test data collected will then be compared with the chemical signatures and compositions of resins known to be used in the ancient Egyptian mummification process. 105 Radiocarbon Dating of a Late Period Egyptian Mummy Using Plasma Oxidation, MARVIN ROWE1,2*, KAREN L. STEELMAN3, JERRY KING4, and ANITA PETTY5 (1Conservation Lab, Museum of New Mexico, 706 Camino Lejo, Santa Fe, NM 87505; 2Science Program, Texas A&M University, Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha Qatar; 3Department of Chemistry, Central Arkansas University, Conway, AR 72035; 4Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701; 5Digital Operations, 3M Unitek, 5620 Venice Avenue NE, Suite G, Albuquerque, NM 87113; [emailprotected]). This study seeks to determine the radiocarbon date of a sample of the wrappings collected from a Late Period Egyptian child mummy (MCCM 1921.56). Plasma oxidation, a non-destructive radiocarbon dating method that offers an alternative to conventional

destructive combustion methods, has been shown to be extremely accurate in dating organic samples—there is no statistical difference between combustion and plasma oxidation derived results. This technique was employed as part of a multidisciplinary study to help verify the mummy’s age and to demonstrate the efficacy of plasma oxidation in analyzing vary rare or valuable organic test samples. A sample of the wrappings obtained from the mummy head was first treated with dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and other solvents to remove surface contaminants and the resin coating that was applied to the wrappings in the mummification process. The collected sample appears to have been conserved in recent years with subsequent application(s) of resin, therefore, additional super critical fluid cleaning steps were employed to carefully remove all resinous layers prior to dating. Using low-temperature (~50-150oC) electrically excited ionized gases (non-reactive argon and reactive oxygen), minute samples of organic carbon dioxide from the flax (linen) gauze wrapping were collected and analyzed without any detectable change to the original test specimen 106 Nondestructive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Head of an Egyptian Child Mummy, MARVIN ROWE1,2*, ANITA PETTY3, and MARK MACKENZIE1 (1Conservation Lab, Museum of New Mexico, 706 Camino Lejo, Santa Fe, NM 87505; 2Science Program, Texas A&M University, Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha Qatar; 3Digital Operations, 3M Unitek, 5620 Venice Ave NE, Suite G, Albuquerque, NM 87113; [emailprotected]). This analysis is part of a multidisciplinary study of a Late Period Egyptian child mummy head (MCCM 1921.56) collected from Egypt during the 1920 Shelton Expedition. The mummified skull in this study was covered with linen wrappings coated with a dark brown, resinous material. Using portable, Bruker Tracer IIIV, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF), low-level radiation was applied to various regions of the surface wrappings to obtain the elemental composition at those sites. This analysis (see figure below), indicated that beneath the wrappings, both orbits had been covered with gold (Au) foil during the mummification process. Physical inspection revealed that a thin layer of this material extended from the superciliary to the zygomatic arches of the right orbit with a smaller foil overlaying the left orbit. The two major gold peaks at energies at 9.71 And 11.44 keV are among the most prominent of the elements seen. The one exception is that for iron (Fe) at energies of 6.403 and 7.057 keV. The iron may have been added as iron ocher to provide an initial red coloration to the mummy. Another explanation for the presence of iron is that it is a post-depositional remnant resulting from the subject’s exposure to soil after burial. Other elements are observed are at relatively low levels and are likely just due to soil/dirt contamination. All peaks occurring at energies over 16 keV are disregarded in this analysis as they are caused by instrumental artifacts and are not representative of the sample. 107 An Analysis of Mummified Intracranial Content, OTTO APPENZELLER1*, MIKE SPILDE2, ANITA PETTY3, CLIFFORD QUALLS4, GENEVIEVE PHILLIPS5, PETER APPENZELLER6, and BOB BRIER7 (1NMHEMC Research Foundation, Albuquerque NM; 2Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; 3Digital Manufacturing, 3M Unitek, Albuquerque, NM; 4Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; 5Cancer Research

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia and Treatment Center, Fluorescence Microscopy Facility, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; 6Tricore Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM; 7Long Island University Greenvale, NY; [emailprotected]). Identification of mummified tissues presents great difficulties; their appearance having been altered by taphonomic changes, trauma and climatic influences over millennia. Here we describe a multimodal analysis of tissue obtained non-invasively, through an existing hole in the skull of an Egyptian mummified child’s head. We used histological sections with special stains and comparisons with contemporaneous tissues, confocal microscopy-autofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray analysis using wavelength dispersive spectrometers equipped with layered synthetic crystals optimized for light elements to quantize Al, C, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, O, P, S, and Si as well as statistical analyses including fractals. We found that the piece was composed of resin which contained significantly higher levels of C and other biologic material, most likely dura mater. Plant resin used in ancient Egypt for embalming is a proxy for atmospheric CO2, climate and of tree growth rate. Thus Egyptian embalmers intentionally preserved the body but unwittingly left a climate record which could be of interest to modern climate-modelers. 108 The Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Prehispanic Population, Canary Islands, Spain, CONRADO RODRÍGUEZ MARTÍN1*, PABLO ATOCHE2, and ANGELES RAMÍREZ2 (1Instituto Canario de Bioantropologia (OAMC-Cabildo de Tenerife); 2Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; [emailprotected]). This paper is devoted to the physical anthropological characteristics and pathological features of the protohistoric (Prehispanic) populations of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, both belonging to the Canarian Archipelago (Spain), located in the Atlantoic Ocean closest to the northwest shore of Africa. Besides a comparative study between both islands, the main goal of this study is to advance the knowledge of the population groups in these islands before the European Conquest (15th century AD), especially their bioadaptability to the islands’ environments. Please note: This paper is included in the Project Canarias: Colonización Humana Protohistórica, Bioadaptación Insular y Transformación Medioambiental (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, HAR20009-08519).

Music and the Sciences: Synergies Among Musical Arts, Math, Science, and Engineering

Tuesday, starting at 1:15 p.m. in KIPJ Room F 109 Music, Expectation, andInformation Theory, Gareth Loy (POB 151185, San Rafael, CA 94915; [emailprotected]). When is music successful? Taking a Darwinian view, music is successful if listeners attend to it, which they do if they find it sufficiently interesting. Listeners reward successful music with interest based on how well it sustains their ordinarily quite fleeting attention. Attention is sustained by manipulating the expectations of the listener. Expectation is an anticipatorybelief that ranges from certainty to uncertainty. The perspective thus articulated allows for

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the question of when is music successful to be studied via the information theory of Shannon and Weaver. The thesis of this talk is thatinformation theory can contribute to a theory of musical expectation, meaning, and emotion in music.This presentation introduces key ideas of information theory and points in the direction of a theory of musical expectation. 110 Restoration of Musical Meter from Memory: How We Represent Musical Styles? SARAH C. CREEL (Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0515; [emailprotected]). What happens in the mind when a listener hears a tune? Recent work suggests that listeners activate detailed memory representations of previous hearings of that tune. For instance, if one has heard a melody previously in a 3/4 meter, the isolated melody yields a percept of 3/4 meter. The current study explores how such melody-specific memories might build up to representations of musical style—specifically, whether listeners integrate meter (event rate) and timbre (tone quality) in style-specific representations. In several different experiments (108 listeners total), each listener was exposed to 12 melodies. Half each occurred in one of two artificial musical “styles,” each with a characteristic meter (3/4, 6/8) and timbre (French horn, saxophone). During the exposure phase, additional musical instruments heard with the melodies provided clear metrical information. After hearing each melody several times, listeners heard isolated melodies followed by metrical continuations. Ratings of metrical continuations suggested that listeners’ perceptions of meter were shaped by their listening exposure. Meter percepts were limited to the original instrumental timbre as long as meter-timbre pairings were consistent (horn always played in 3/4, saxophone in 6/8). Meter percepts generalized across timbre when meter-timbre pairings were inconsistent (e.g. horn and saxophone were equally likely to play in 3/4 or 6/8). These data suggest that, when musical features (timbre and meter) are consistently linked, listeners represent them integrally, influencing processing of a basic aspect of musical experience (meter). This suggests a basis for acquisition of style-specific musical expectations. 111 A Seventeenth-Century Mathematical History of Tuning the Musical Scale, John F. Bukowski (Department of Mathematics, Juniata College, 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon, PA 16652; [emailprotected]). The tuning of the intervals in the musical scale has a long history dating back to the Pythagoreans. Several seventeenth-century mathematicians proposed ways of resolving the inherent difficulties in tuning the musical scale. We will discuss the methods proposed by Simon Stevin, Marin Mersenne, and Christiaan Huygens, and we will discuss in detail how Huygens used logarithms to divide the octave into a 31-tone scale. We will then compare his tuning to other tunings of the scale. 112 Generation and Analysis of Heptatonic Harmonic Scales, JOHN H. CHALMERS (Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92038; [emailprotected]). Harmonic scales are composed of Prime (generalized major) and Conjugate (generalized minor) triads such that every note is a member of at least one triad and all the triads are connected by common tones. There are 52 species of such scales with seven tones,

ABSTRACTS – Symposia and these may be described as points on the D (dominant) x M (Mediant) rectangular or triangular lattice, the latter having a third axis for the Conjugate (D-M) interval. Examples of harmonic scales include the Principal Trichordals of Ellis, the 5-limit Incipient Tonality Diamond of Partch, the Gipsy Minor scale and, of course, the major mode and the harmonic and melodic minor scales. This set of 52 species may be further reduced to six equivalence classes related by linear transformations when the notes of the scales are expressed as vectors in the D x M plane. Software has been written in TrueBasic to analyse the properties of these scales as D and M each vary over the range from 0 to 1200 cents. Functions computed include harmonic function sequence, Rothenberg-propriety, interval sequence, interval content, number of in-tune triads, heteromorphic profile, and the number of interval differences. For example, the major mode, expressed as functions of D and M by 0 2*D M 1200-D D M-D D+M 1200 in cents, has 32 harmonic function sequences and 6 regions of Strictly Proper or coherent tunings and 16 of R-Proper. The output of these programs is graphical and tabular. Selected examples are available in Scala format for sound synthesis.

The mathematical principles derived by Arthur Benade and others were used to calculate tone hole positions and dimensions for a theoretical oboe design. This included correction factors for the reed cavity, effect of closed holes, and of the straight section without holes. The strong interdependence between bore and tone holes was programmed for calculation, iteration, and converging to the initial oboe design specifications, from which the first oboe was constructed and tested. From this, the effect of small open holes was measured, and a further uniform correction was defined empirically. Small open holes add a more critical step to tuning than those of the open end cylindrical flute, etc., whose tone hole diameters are almost comparable with that of the bore. Applying the final correction, a second instrument was constructed and tested. This showed accuracy of tuning to the equal tempered chromatic scale base on A = 440 Hz within a few 10ths of a cycle for each note. Further, the octave range of 2nd harmonics were in tune, as were the 3rd and 4th playable harmonics. The instrument represents a current state of achievement and proof of concept for a model based on certain principles of acoustics. The next step could be to add a bell and set of keys to make a playable instrument.

113 Temperament of Mind: Hector Berlioz and Evariste Galois, Jeff Johannes (Mathematics Department, South Hall, State University College of Arts and Sciences, Geneseo, NY 144541401; [emailprotected]). Composer Hector Berlioz and mathematician Evariste Galois were both revolutionarising their disciplines in Paris during the restoration. In this talk we will examine several parallels in their lives and in their art. We will also consider to what extent they were merely a product of their tumultuous time.

115 Using Vocal Spectroscopy to Take the Guesswork Out of Powerful Singing, Ronald Shaheen (Music Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). As an important part of their training, classical singers learn to produce a full, resonant sound that can be heard over an orchestra without the use of microphones. That process has traditionally relied on the singers’ perception of vibratory sensations inside their own bodies and on the ears of their voice teachers, a method that is highly subjective and sometimes unreliable. Nowadays the act of maximizing resonance for efficient and effective singing can be objectively seen by using a computer program called “Voce Vista” (“The Visible Voice”), which is essentially a portable sound spectrometer. This presentation will review the relevant basics of acoustics as they pertain to singing, and then discuss the related concepts of vowel formants, vowel modification, and resonance tuning. This presentation will then show how, by using Voce Vista, singers can actually see (not just feel or hear) how to align the strongest harmonic of a pitch with the strongest frequencies of the vowel formant, and thus, based on scientific data, maximize the power of their voices.

114 An Analytical Oboe Design, RONALD L. FOX1* and E. RANDOLPH HAGER2* (1,2Retired, General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Ct., La Jolla, CA 92037; 2San Diego State University, Campanile Dr, San Diego CA; 1current; 2973 Fried Ave., San Diego, CA 92122, [emailprotected]; 2current; 2322 Bahia Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, [emailprotected]). The typical present day oboe is based on the empirical design developments of several centuries of hand crafting. Each instrument requires careful tuning based on position and modification of tone holes and their respective back-countersinks. Such fine tuning applies primarily to first class orchestral instruments, and even these are, at best, a compromise in uniformity of tone quality, in relative intonation and tuning stability. Tone quality is related to the number of harmonics present, their relative amplitudes and their positions with respect to the fundamental frequency or first harmonic. Relative intonation within the fundamental range or first register of the instrument is related to tone hole position, size, shape, and depth for each hole. Relative intonation between the fundamental range and its second harmonic or octave range depends on bore uniformity, which includes uniformity of the type of bore aberrations caused by the existence of the closed tone holes. Current oboes possess sufficient empirical compromise that the harmonics deviate from perfect multiples of the fundamental frequencies beginning with some 3rd, and particularly with 5th and higher harmonics. This affects tone quality and requires special fingerings in the third octave range. A relatively small and constant ratio of tone hole size to that of the bore is required to yield a spectrum of harmonics of roughly equal amplitude and of correct multiples of its fundamental frequency for each note.

116 Objective and Subjective Analyses of the Steel-String Acoustic Guitar, DAVID M. MALICKY (Department of Engineering, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). Through trial-and-error, keen sensitivity, and some objective methods, luthiers and factories have developed the design, materials, and manufacturing processes of the steel-string acoustic guitar to a relatively refined level. The scientific relationship of the guitar’s subjective sound qualities to material and component properties (stiffness, density, thickness, damping, resonance, etc) is poorly understood. The aim of this pilot study is to examine some initial correlations among component properties, acoustic resonances, and the subjective sound qualities of the acoustic guitar. Twenty-five Sitka spruce tops (soundboards) were prepared using common luthier practices. Tops were assessed for density and bidirectional bending stiffnesses, and two common subjective acoustic measures: shake-tone strength and tap-tone strength.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia Acoustic guitars of a common design were constructed using these tops by students in a shop practice class. Finished guitars were first assessed for subjective sound qualities, then for FFT analysis of body resonances (main air, main top, and main back). Univariate linear regression was performed among candidate input, output, and intermediate variables. Correlations were found between tops’ shake-tone strength and tap-tone strength (R2 = 0.34), shake-tone strength and guitar sound complexity (R2 = 0.32), tap-tone strength and guitar sound complexity (R2 = 0.14), and main top and main air frequency (R2 = 0.57). This pilot study demonstrates that relationships may exist between an isolated guitar top’s tone properties and the sound quality of the finished guitar. Future work will develop the reliability of subjective measures, assess additional material and component properties, and develop a multiple-regression model.

Science Education and Civic Engagements

Tuesday, starting at 1:15 p.m in KIPJ Room G 117 What are the Benefits of Taking the Lab Outside? STEVEN BACHOFER (Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s College of California, 1928 Saint Mary’s Road, Moraga, CA 94556; [emailprotected]). Field sampling labs give students the science content in context. Students observe and evaluate field conditions directly. Students work diligently on labs when the results are to be communicated to the public. Faculty must have alternatives in case of inclement weather. Two field sampling labs will be presented. An air monitoring lab is somewhat low tech and it utilizes gas diffusion tubes. The soils analysis is somewhat high tech and uses a field-portable XRF to screen for various elements in the soil. Civic engagement questions are explored in both labs. A self reported student attitudinal data will be discussed along with the general trends in the data. 118 Using Course-Specific Student Course Evaluations to Drive Learning-Centered Teaching, STEPHEN CARROLL1* and MELISSA GANUS2 (1Department of English, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, [emailprotected]; 2 School of Business, Seattle Community Colleges, 8746 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103, [emailprotected]). The SALG (Student Assessment of their Learning Gains) is a valid, reliable, FREE, online instrument developed by the National Science Foundation to improve teaching by providing coursespecific, formative feedback on students’ learning gains and on the pedagogy responsible for those gains. The SALG drives learning by promoting alignment of objectives and pedagogy and by stimulating metacognition. A SALG for departments collects and analyzes data about department learning goals while preserving faculty’s privacy and ability to adapt the instruments to their own classes. McKeachie and Seldin (POD, 2006) reported that over 85% of American universities and colleges use standardized student course evaluations (SCEs) as the primary means of evaluation of faculty. Yet as Seymour (and others) found, traditional student course evaluation instruments are inaccurate as indicators of students’ learning gains and ineffective in soliciting useful feedback. (Seymour, 2005).

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Now there is an alternative: the SALG. This free, online course evaluation system focuses not on teacher behaviors, but on learning outcomes. It promotes pedagogical innovation and development by encouraging reflection on learning goals and suggesting pedagogical strategies to meet those goals. Instructors are encouraged to tailor their assessment instruments to their classroom pedagogies and to measure students’ learning gains relative to their specific learning goals. The SALG embeds current research on how people learn, and extensive testing shows that the results are valid and reliable. It is easy to use, yet it offers analytical tools powerful enough for professional researchers. 119 Preservice Science Teachers Think About Science and Teaching, CAROLYN VIVIANO (Department of Natural Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Drive, MS 8160 Los Angeles, CA 90045; [emailprotected]). Students become agents of change and empowered teachers as they tackle issues related to water and the environment. Participation in a community based learning course enables pre-service science teachers to work with environmental educators as they develop high school service learning projects. This presentation will focus on the development and outcomes of an NSF funded SENCER (Science Education for New Civic Engagement and Responsibility) project designed to foster collaborations between future science teachers and environmental educators for the benefit of all stakeholders. The project resulted in the creation of the capstone course, Workshop Biology/Chemistry, for LMU’s secondary science education majors. Broad issues related to water and the environment form the core of the course, whereas individual projects focus on topics relevant to the Santa Monica Bay and Los Angeles River watersheds. LMU students collaborate with environmental educators from Heal the Bay and Environmental Charter High School in the design of service learning projects that enable high school students to address environmental issues within their community. As a result, both groups of students strengthen their ties to the community and begin to appreciate the connection between environmental health and community health. Science content becomes relevant, and each student begins to think about his/her role in a wider context. The science curricula created as part of the project will become an online service learning resource available through Heal the Bay (Healthebay.org). By sharing our experiences we hope to encourage others to explore the role of community based learning in science and to promote a fruitful discussion of civic engagement in the classroom. 120 Community Guest Speakers Show Forensics Students How to Become More Involved in Preventing Campus Crimes, VIRGINIA R. CARSON (Crean College of Health Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866; [emailprotected]). One in four coeds experience sexual assault, yet, according to a recent 60 Minutes episode, most of these assaults go unreported. Often sexual assaults involve the use of alcohol and/or drugs. While studying Forensics, students learn about ways to prevent themselves and others from getting into situations where they could be harmed. One topic in Forensics is the study of drugs. A local police drug recognition expert comes and gives a very interactive presentation about alcohol. He demonstrates various field sobriety tests and has students wear glasses that give them the visual impression of being under the influence. When they are wearing the glasses, he

ABSTRACTS – Symposia has them try to do the field tests. Students are encouraged to keep their fellow students from engaging in drinking and driving. After learning about drugs and alcohol, students study DNA. In the course of this study, rape is discussed. A physician and female police officers come and talk with the students. The physician describes what to do if one is raped. (Don’t shower but report the crime to the police.) The police will take the victim to a hospital where she will be examined. The details of the exam are explained. The police then describe various date rape drugs and give the females in the class advice about how to avoid getting themselves into situations where they might be raped. After learning about how to avoid rape, many students take active parts in various rape prevention workshops. 121 Science Education in Rural America: SENCER Related Learning Outcomes and Attitudes in Chemistry Courses for Non-majors, GREGORY S. VAN DOREN1 and LAWRENCE K. DUFFY2* (1White Earth Tribal and Community College, 124 S. 1st St., Mahnomen, MN 56557; 2University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, PO Box 6160, Fairbanks, AK 99775; [emailprotected]). A comparative study using the SENCER capacious topic approach was piloted to examine participants’ self-assessments of their science learning gains and attitudes towards chemistry. In this comparison, we report the results of the SALG survey at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and Heritage University (HU), Washington. University students consistently claimed the greatest learning gains (post-course survey) for the same areas that they claimed the greatest understanding in the pre-course survey. This result was observed in relation to the topics of “ph” and “periodic table”. The topic of dyes discussed in Chem 100 at HU was not discussed in the UAF Chem 100x class. The UAF course was used as an internal validation of the comparison. Supported by NSF and NIH. 122 Metacognitive Learning: Enhancing Performance by Teaching Students HOW to Learn, STEPHEN CARROLL1* and MELISSA GANUS2, (1Department of English, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, [emailprotected]; 2School of Business, Seattle Community Colleges, 8746 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103, [emailprotected]). We aim to develop self-motivated critical thinkers, yet few instructors know how to teach students how to do this kind of learning. Explicitly teaching students optimized methods of learning that leverage advancements in cognitive science, physiology of learning and emotional intelligence accelerates students’ progress toward these goals. Teaching students how to learn (especially higher-order thinking skills) through an in-class learning boot camp (LBC) has proven an effective way to address this problem. Five years of data show that taking up to two weeks of class time (in a ten-week quarter) not only helps students learn more course content, they learn faster, retain what they learn better and become more sophisticated, more intentional learners. Drawing on diverse sources from Mind Brain and Education: Neuroscience Implications for the Classroom and The Art of Changing the Brain to Emotional Intelligence: Key readings on the Mayer and Salovey Model and Language and Learning in the Digital Age, LBC teaches students learning strategies optimized for different purposes. Students learn: purpose-driven reading strategies that

minimize time spent and maximize retention of information, how to take notes that help them retain more while spending less time, and how to think about what they are learning in strategic, metacognitive ways. Students also learn to work with Bloom’s taxonomy, Perry’s scheme of intellectual development, Kolb’s learning cycle and the Mayer-Salovey model of emotional intelligence. All help students not only learn course content better and retain it longer, but also become the kinds of learners we want them to become. 123 Applying the Innovation Diffusion Model to Science Education Reform: What can SENCER and Other Reform Efforts Learn? AMY SHACHTER (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053; [emailprotected]). For over ten years, faculty, staff and students have worked to develop a SENCER courses across the country. In some cases, the SENCER approach has moved beyond individual courses and has been applied to the development of general education programs and to courses within science majors. The innovation diffusion model will be discussed, generally, as a way to understand how innovation can move from innovators and early adopters to the mainstream or majority. The potential for the model to serve as a framework for reforming the undergraduate science curriculum will be explored. In addition, we will consider strategies based on the innovation diffusion model for advancing science education reform efforts.

Human Experimental Mummification

Tuesday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 124 Introduction: Human Experimental Mummification, FRANK J. RÜHLI* and CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU (Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; [emailprotected]). Artificial mummification methods have been developed in many parts of the world with that of the Ancient Egyptian being among the most successful. Many ancient, e.g. Herodotus, and modern historical reports have been concerned with the ancient Egyptian mummification method. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to explore this process on an experimental basis. The present symposium aims 1) to present the results of a large project which tried experimentally to reconstruct the ancient Egyptian mummification method applying evidence-based diagnostic criteria and state-of-the-art methodology (macroscopical, radiological, histological and biomolecular analysis) and 2) to bring together researchers which have conducted similar experiments on animal and human tissues. We hope that this session will help to improve knowledge on post-mortem alterations, both within ancient and modern settings, will advance our knowledge on artificial and natural mummification, and will motivate researchers of the field on carrying out more experimental analysis. 125 Human Mummification: The Experimental Approach, BOB BRIER (C.W. Post Campus, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA; [emailprotected]). The experimental approach to learning about mummification has been successfully used by numerous researchers. However, most of this experimentation has been with animals and relatively

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia little as been with human cadavers. This paper surveys the history of experimental mummification with humans, discusses why this is important, and suggests areas of future research. 126 Post-mortem Alterations of Mummified Human Tissue under Experimental Setting, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU*, NATALLIA SHVED, and FRANK J. RÜHLI (Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; christina.p@anatom. uzh.ch). Post-mortem alterations of human bodies are of utmost importance in forensic medicine, bioarchaeology and associate disciplines. The determination of the time and cause of death, the interment duration, the burial micro-environment with its various parameters and the diagenetic changes are crucial issues with which researchers have to confront. Thus, conducting taphonomic experiments to post-mortem alterations of human bodies is of great importance. Many forensic reports exist on post-mortem changes but few experimental studies. The present study is a part of a larger project which tries experimentally to reconstruct the ancient Egyptian mummification method. Specifically, macroscopical, radiological, histological and biomolecular analysis has been performed on samples from a mummified human limb sampled on a standard basis. The current paper discusses the alterations seen on the measurements made on the temperature, the humidity, the pH and the weight of the mummifying tissue. All measurements were made (1) on a constant point on the tissue and (2) on the area from where each sample was extracted. An 24-hour automatic measurement of the temperature and humidity was also made. Temperature was on average stable (20°C) whereas a steady increase of pH and humidity from 35% to 70% were observed. This had a negative effect on the mummification rate resulting to a prolonged duration in the mummification process compared to known historical sources (e.g. Herodotus ca. 484 – 425 BC). Based on this pilot study one may be able in future research to enlighten the puzzling process of human tissue mummification and post-mortem disintegration.

Grant Support: Swiss National Science Foundation (Nr. 325130_120662) and Mäxi Foundation.

127 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Method Using Evidence Based Methodology: Histological Analysis, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU1*, NATALLIA SHVED1, JOHANN WANEK1, GIOVANNI COLACICCO2, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1 (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland, 2 Division of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; [emailprotected]). Artificial mummification methods have been developed in many parts of the world with that of the Ancient Egyptian being among the most successful. Many ancient and modern historical reports have been concerned with the ancient Egyptian mummification method. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to explore this process on an experimental basis. An experiment was carried out at the Institute of Anatomy (University of Zürich). One human lower limb was amputated from a female donor and underwent an ancient Egyptian-like mummification (20-26°C, 35-70%) using natron (54% NaCl, 16% Na2SO4, 18% Na2CO3 12% NaHCO3). Skin and muscle samples were taken for histological examination at specific time intervals and standard histological analysis was

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performed (Hematoxylin-Eosin, Goldner and Van Giesen staining). The total duration of the experiment was 208 days. From the 125 day on, additional samples were taken for rehydration in a Ruffer solution (Ruffer, 1921). Photographic documentation was at the same time intervals performed using the same setting and equipment for meticulous documentation of the changes. The current paper deals with the alterations seen on a macroscopical (discolorations, skin slippage, putrefactive dehiscence) and microscopical level (degeneration of the epidermis and the stratum corneum, muschle disintegration particularly affecting the epimysium) offering a valuable record on the appearance of human tissue on various stages of mummification. Grant support: Swiss National Science Foundation (Nr. 325130_120662) and Mäxi Foundation.

128 Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification Methods Using Evidence Based Methodology: MRI, CT Analysis, STEPHANIE PANZER1, JOHANN WANEK2, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU2, NATALLIA SHVED2, GIOVANNI COLACICCO2,3, and FRANK J. RÜHLI2* (1Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany; 2 Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; 3 Division of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr.190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; stephanie.panzer@)bgu-murnau.de, [emailprotected]). The radiologic appearance of mummified human tissues is of foremost interest in forensics and paleopathology. The goal of this study is to apply evidence-based diagnostic criteria and stateof-the-art methodology to analyze mummified human tissues to improve knowledge on post-mortem alterations in ancient and modern settings with a particular focus on radiological appearance. Two human lower limbs (LL) were amputated from a female donor (intra vitam body donation declaration; ethics committee approval) 24h post-mortem and “naturally” mummified by heat (ca. 40°C, 10-20% humidity (H)) and by “ancient Egyptian-style artificial” mummification (20-26°C, 35-70% H) by natron (54% NaCl, 16% Na2SO4, 18% Na2CO3 12% NaHCO3). At multiple days magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; a.o. T1-, T2-weighted, ultra-short-echo time sequences) and computed tomography, were performed. According to MRI, the remaining pockets of humidity were particularly visible along anatomical compartments and more towards the interior regions of the limb. The initial study outcome shows a surprisingly low rate of mummification-related tissue alteration. However, based on this pilot study, future research will enlighten the enigmatic process of human tissue mummification, particularly at a radiological level. Grant support: Swiss National Science Foundation (Nr. 325130_120662) and Mäxi Foundation.

129 Swiss Mummy Project: Experimental Human Tissue Mummification and Post-mortem DNA Degradation, NATALLIA SHVED1, CHRISTINA PAPAGEORGOPOULOU1, KATJA PAULSEN1, CORDULA HAAS2, and FRANK J. RÜHLI1 (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; 2Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich, Switzerland; [emailprotected]). The aim of this study is to analyze the degree of post-mortem DNA alterations in such tissues in order to improve our knowledge

ABSTRACTS – Symposia of the level of DNA fragmentation that occurs during the mummification process in both ancient and modern mummies. Human lower limbs used in the study were from a female donor’s body (approved by Ethics committee). They were amputated ca. 24h post-mortem and mummified by an ancient Egyptian-like artificial mummification process with natron (hood temperature 20-26°C, 35-70% relative humidity). At days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 19, 25, 32, 38, 45, 52, 60, 73, 94, 125 and 322 post-mortem, skeletal muscle and skin were excised. The level of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA (nDNA and mtDNA) preservation was assessed by PCR amplification of different fragment sizes within the hypervariable region I of the mtDNA control region and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 gene of the nDNA. In addition, sex and autosomal chromosome genotyping with short tandem repeats (STR)-multiplex system was completed. The initial study outcome shows a lower rate of skin genomic DNA fragmentation in comparison to muscle and no change in mtDNA amplification rate occurred in either tissue during the experiment. Chromosome genotyping demonstrated stable STR profiles for the skin at all investigated time points and incomplete STR profiles for the muscle towards the end of the experiment. Based on this pilot study, future research shall further enlighten the process of human tissue mummification at the molecular level. Grant support: Swiss National Science Foundation (Nr. 325130_120662); Mäxi-Foundation.

130 Experimental Human Ice Mummification for Conservation and Taphonomic Studies, E. EGARTER VIGL1, ANGELA GRAEFEN2*, MARCO SAMADELLI2, FRANK MAIXNER2, ASTRID GRUMER2, and ALBERT ZINK2 (1Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, General Hospital Bolzano, Italy; 2EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; [emailprotected], albert. [emailprotected]). Twenty years ago, the Tyrolean Iceman was discovered in the Ötztal Alps, near the Austrian-Italian border. The exceptional state of preservation of this 5300-year-old ice mummy makes it an invaluable archive, on the one hand offering unique scientific opportunities, on the other hand requiring meticulous long-term conservation and invasive studies kept to a minimum, with a careful evaluation of the potential insights to be gained versus the costs (in terms of material loss). One of the projects to support these requirements was the experimental ice mummification of a human body (which had been donated to science) shortly after the find and upheld to this day. The body is kept within a duplicate of the Iceman’s storage chamber under the same temperature, humidity, and atmospheric parameters, away from public view at the archaeological museum of Bolzano. Any novel conservation techniques, such as rehydration or atmospheric modifications designed for the Iceman’s chamber are first tested on “Ötzi 3” (as the experimentally mummified modern body is referred to), to avoid any potential damage to the Iceman. Furthermore, analyses carried out on the experimentally mummified body provide information on how long-term ice storage could affect soft tissue and biomolecular preservation. 131 Experimental Archaeology for the Interpretation of Taphonomy Related to Bog Bodies: Lessons Learned from Two Projects Undertaken a Decade Apart, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING1* and COLLEEN HEALEY2 (1German Mummy Project, D5, Museum Weltkulturen, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, 68159 Mannheim,

Germany; 2Independent Conservator, Ottawa, Canada; Heather. [emailprotected]). The taphonomic impact of an acidic peat bog environment on human bodies is not well understood. Although many publications speculate as to the importance of factors such as temperature, pH and water levels, very little experimental archaeology has been undertaken. This presentation reports not on the results of two sets of experimental burials of juvenile pig corpses in raised bog peat, but on the lessons learned from the research in terms of methodology and validity of this type of research for the interpretation of human peat bog bodies from northwestern Europe. The first project, conducted in the mid-1990s in three peat bogs in England and Wales, involved the immersion of more than ten piglets in raised bog peat from periods ranging from six months to three years, with limited environmental monitoring. Analyses of these specimens consisted primarily of necropsy, radiography (X-ray), scanning electron microscopy of teeth and microCT of bone. The second project, conducted in 2008 and still in progress, involved three piglets in raised bog peat in Ireland for a period of 19 months, with no environmental monitoring. The purpose of this project was to replicate, as much as possible, bog body skin in order to determine their feasibility in experimental conservation procedures for long term preservation of bog bodies. Analyses of these specimens will include radiology (CT), necropsy and histology. 132 Sheep and Cats and Cows, Oh My!: Experimental Mummification, SALIMA IKRAM (American University in Cairo, P. O. Box 74, Road 90, Tagammu 5, New Cairo, 11825, Egypt; salimaikram@ gmail.com). This lecture will present the results of experimental mummification carried out on different animals in Egypt in 2010 and 2011, building on earlier mummification experiments on rabbits carried out by this author, as well as information gathered from the human mummification experiment executed of Drs. B. Brier and R. Wade. Discussion as to how close this might have been to actual ancient Egyptian mummification and queries raised about materials and technologies used will be discussed, together with the effects that mummification has on remains with regard to scientific testing.

Fragile X Syndrome: Advances In Our Understanding of a Common Cause of Retardation and Autism

Tuesday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Rooms H and I 133 The Journey So Far, CINDY de GRUCHY (Co-founder, The Fragile X Center of San Diego, 4653 Carmel Mountain Road Ste. 308-515 San Diego, CA 92130; [emailprotected]). A mother’s perspective of raising her 21 year old son, Scott, who has Fragile X syndrome. 134 Translating Fragile X, PETER W. VANDERKLISH1*, JOHN B. FARNUM1, JULIE PILOTTE1, and VERONICA GALVÁN2 (1Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037; 2Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110; [emailprotected]). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of mental retardation and the leading known cause of Autism. From

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia a scientific perspective, it is also among the most illuminating areas of research in modern neurobiology. FXS results from the silencing of a single gene denoted Fmr1. The protein encoded by this gene, FMRP, is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of potentially 100s of mRNAs in neuronal dendrites and synapses. Research into the molecular and synaptic deficits that arise when FMRP is absent has shed light on long-standing questions about the synaptic biology of memory formation, while providing the basis for potential therapies that may also benefit other neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism. A brief overview of this research will be presented, and the relationship of key findings to pharmacological therapies currently under evaluation will be discussed. 135 OSWALD STEWARD* et al. (Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4265; [emailprotected]). No abstract was provided for this talk. 136 Defective GABAergic Neurotransmision and Pharmacological Rescue of Neuronal Hyperexcitability in the Amygdala in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome, MOLLY M. HUNTSMAN1*, JOSE LUIS OLMOS-SERRANO1, SCOTT M. PALUSZKIEWICZ1,2, BRANDON S. MARTIN1,2, WALTER E. KAUFMANN3, and JOSHUA G. CORBIN1 (1Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, 20010 USA; 2 Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road., NW, Washington, DC 20057; 3Center for Genetic Disorders of Cognition and Behavior, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 21205; mhuntsman@cnmcresearch. org). Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable cognitive impairment and behavioural disturbances such as exaggerated fear, anxiety and gaze avoidance. Consistent with this, findings from human brain imaging studies suggest dysfunction of the amygdala. Underlying alterations in amygdala synaptic function in the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model of FXS, however, remain largely unexplored. Utilizing a combination of approaches, we uncover profound alterations in inhibitory neurotransmission in the amygdala of Fmr1 KO mice. We demonstrate a dramatic reduction in the frequency and amplitude of phasic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), tonic inhibitory currents, as well as in the number of inhibitory synapses in Fmr1 KO mice. Furthermore, we observe significant alterations in GABA availability, both intracellularly and at the synaptic cleft. Together, these findings identify abnormalities in basal and action potential-dependent inhibitory neurotransmission. Additionally, we reveal a significant neuronal hyperexcitability in principal neurons of the amygdala in Fmr1 KO mice, which is strikingly rescued by pharmacological augmentation of tonic inhibitory tone using the GABA agonist, gaboxadol. Thus, our study reveals relevant inhibitory synaptic abnormalities in the amygdala in the Fmr1 KO brain and supports the notion that pharmacological approaches targeting the GABAergic system may be a viable therapeutic approach toward correcting amygdala-based symptoms in FXS. 137 Impairments in the Pathways that Regulate the Spine Actin Cytoskeleton in a Mouse Model of Fragile X, JULIE C. LAUTERBORN1*, GARY LYNCH1,2, and CHRISTINE M. GALL1 (1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and 2Department of

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Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; [emailprotected]). The long held view that changes in dendritic spine and synapse size are associated with learning has given rise to the expectation that remodeling of the spine actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in learning and memory. In accord with this, disruption of pathways that regulate the actin cytoskeleton disturbs the stabilization of synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP), a mechanism of memory encoding. Recent studies in our laboratories have investigated mechanisms of spine actin regulation in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome (Fmr1-KO mouse), a disorder characterized by mental retardation and, in a portion of these individuals, by autism. Our studies have focused on two major Rho GTPase signaling pathways, the Rho > cofilin and the Rac > Pak cascades, that regulate polymerization and stabilization of filamentous (F-) actin in adult spines, respectively. Our work has shown that in the Fmr1-KO hippocampus, the Rho > cofilin pathway it engaged normally following stimulation that elicits LTP. By contrast, the Rac > PAK pathway is not engaged by the same stimulation indicating that in Fmr1-KOs newly formed F-actin fails to stabilize appropriately. We tested directly whether actin stabilization in spines was impaired in the Fmr1-KO and found that the timing associated with the stabilization process was prolonged in the mutants as compared to wild-type mice. These data indicate that the processes underlying LTP, and thus memory, are significantly perturbed in the Fragile X mouse model. These data also provide potential therapeutic targets and suggest intervention strategies for enhancing cognition in this syndrome. 138 Long-lasting Effects of Minocycline on Behavior in Neonatal and Adult Fragile X Mice, Iryna M. Ethell1*, Lorraine Dansie1, Kelly Phommahaxay1, Sarah Rotschafer2, Khaleel Razak2, and Douglas W. Ethell3 (1Division of Biomedical Sciences and 2Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California 92521; 3College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766; iryna.ethell@ucr. edu). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common single-gene inherited form of mental retardation, with behaviors at the extreme of the autistic spectrum. Patients with FXS display childhood seizures, hyperactivity, anxiety, developmental delay, attention deficits, and visual-spatial memory impairment, as well as a propensity for obsessive-compulsive behavior. Several of these aberrant behaviors are also seen in the FXS mouse model, fragile X mental retardation (Fmr1) gene knock-out mice (Fmr1 KO). We have reported that minocycline promotes dendritic spine maturation in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and in developing hippocampus of Fmr1 KO mice, accompanied by improvements in behavioral performance in neonatal Fmr1 KO mice (Bilousova et al., 2009). We have recently tested the effects of minocycline treatment on obsessive compulsive behavior (marble burying), the tendency to travel to the center of an open field (open field) and sensitivity to audiogenic seizures in both neonatal and adult Fmr1 KO mice. Our new findings demonstrate that minocycline was effective in reducing obsessive-compulsive marble burying behavior and anxiety in both young and adult Fmr1 KO mice, but showed the maintenance of the effect only in young Fmr1 KO mice. Finally, our findings demonstrate that minocycline significantly reduces the number and severity of audiogenic seizures in Fmr1 KO mice. These studies

ABSTRACTS – Symposia further support a role for minocycline in improving aberrant behaviors in the Fragile X mouse model and indicate that minocycline treatment can maintain some effectiveness after the treatment. This work is supported by a grant from the FRAXA Research Foundation.

with the descriptions of the Alexandrian warehouses where animal and human mummies were stripped of their wrappings for the international rag trade (the bodies being ground up for fertilizer) this presentation argues for the acceptance of “mummy paper” as a product of the industrialization of America and its innovative use of the mummy as commodity during the 19th century.

Mummy Research in the Electronic Age

141 The Mummy Speaks: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Mummy in Literature, Theatre and Politics, JASMINE DAY (Discipline of Anthropology and Sociology, The University of Western Australia, 22 Coolidge Street, Como W.A. 6152, Perth, Australia; [emailprotected]). The recent digitisation of nineteenth century periodicals has revealed that that many more creative literary works featuring Egyptian mummies were written than were previously known to scholars or the public. Anthologies of mummy fiction published to date are considerably incomplete and it will now be possible to anthologise mummy poetry and plays. With much more source material for study, scholars can begin to build a more comprehensive account of the evolution and social functions of fictional mummies in Britain and the United States. A chronological study of mummy poetry demonstrates the abiding influence of Horace Smith’s seminal Address to the Mummy (1821) upon later poems and shows that poets gendered mummies as female in order to submit mummies to metaphorical interrogation. This use of a patriarchal vision of gender relations as a means to symbolise colonial and economic domination of Egypt was mirrored in mummy romance fiction, in which male explorers conquered female mummies – but recently discovered mummy curse fiction, authored by American women in the 1860s, reversed this motif: men who defiled female mummies were slaughtered by ancient magic. Digitised fiction reveals the proto‑feminist origins of the “mummy’s curse” and demonstrates that Conan Doyle’s Lot Nº. 249 (1892), upon which Hollywood’s mummy films were apparently based, was derived from a genre already long established. New theoretical studies of mummymania made possible by the digitisation of Victorian source material will establish mummymania as a core subject within the History of Egyptology, an emerging subdiscipline of Egyptology.

Tuesday, starting at 4:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

139 Introduction: The New Age of Research: Digitization and Electronic Access, DAVID A. RAWSON (Department of Humanities and Arts, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609; [emailprotected]). The last twenty years have seen a transformation in historical research, especially here in the United States. The growth and spread of the Internet, driven by the development of graphical user interfaces (GUI), has generated an ever‐increasing demand from researchers for digitization of both primary and secondary sources; materials that could then be easily accessed via that new electronic access. The simple convenience of such access may be the primary impetus for digitization efforts, by eliminating the need for expensive travel to archive collections, but there are also important new insights into the past emerging as a result of researchers’ ability to both process larger quantities of material in their research and unearth scraps of information buried in the mass of source materials. This symposium presents elements of two projects that were built on digital resources. My introduction to them provides a context for their development. It begins with an overview of the types of materials that are available currently to researchers, before turning to the rationale for the digitization of particular materials and the methods used to create them. It also considers the strengths and weaknesses of the digitized resources discussed, as well as trends for the future. This presentation will suggest that the research possibilities of digitized materials have yet to be fully realized, and that the two projects that follow represent the innovations in research that are beginning to appear among researchers who understand the promises and limitations of this new resource form. 140 The Mythology of Mummy Paper: Deconstructing an Urban Legend, S. J. WOLFE (American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury Street, Worcester, MA 01609; [emailprotected]). Long thought to be an urban legend, the existence of “mummy paper” has been both championed and denigrated by writers. Among the latter is a refutation by Joseph Dane, “The Curse of the Mummy Paper,” in which he decried the reliability of newspaper accounts and personal recollections as valid historical sources; argued that the absence of the specific term “mummy rags” indicated that the practice did not exist; and complained about his inability to locate both supportive textual information on the topic and supposed actual examples of paper made from mummy wrappings. Through the use of both basic and advanced electronic resources (some of which were available to Dane at the time of his writing), these refutations can be themselves rebutted and the reality of using mummy wrappings for paper making demonstrated and elucidated as a not uncommon practice in 19th-century America. Beginning with the discovery of documents which explicitly state they are made from mummy wrappings, and including various newspaper and periodical accounts of the practice, and ending

aDNA and Associated Biomolecules

Tuesday, starting at 5:15 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre 142 Ancient DNA and Parasites from Korean Mummies, DONG HOON SHIN1*, MYEUNG JU KIM2, YI-SUK KIM3, CHANG SEOK OH1, and MIN SEO4 (1Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28, Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea; 2 Department of Anatomy, Dankook University, College of Medicine, Choenan 330-715, Korea; 3Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok-6-Dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-710, Korea; 4Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 330-715, Korea; [emailprotected] or [emailprotected]). For the past several decades, molecular biological studies on ancient DNA (aDNA) retrieved from archaeological samples have attracted attention from the paleopathology community. PCR-based analysis on aDNA has served as an effective way to develop molecular approach for the detection of parasite eggs in ancient samples. We, the paleopathologists in Korea, also tried to perform aDNA

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia analysis on the coprolites or sediments which could be obtained from Korean mummies. By our experiments, we conclude that PCR-based analysis could be applicable to the molecular detection of Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Paragonimus westermani, and Clonorchis sinensis in archaeological samples. Consensus sequence expressed 100% homology with modern genes of the species from GenBank. Applying PCR methods to further study on aDNA of various parasite species from geographically and temporally wider ranges will undoubtedly improve our understanding of evolution of the species. This study was achieved with the support of a national R&D project hosted by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Cultural Heritage Administration (NRICH-1107-B09F-1). 143 Mummy Response to Pathogens, GILA KAHILA BARGAL1*, ANAT LICHTER-PELED1, and MARK SPIGELMAN2 (1School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; 2Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK and The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; [emailprotected]). In the last 30 years, over fifty newly identified human pathogens have emerged in the African continent. Therefore, Africa offers the greatest panorama of the interaction between human evolution and infectious diseases, and is of special relevance to the “emerging and re-emerging” diseases. The origin of a disease in Africa and its migration with man out of Africa is a common story in today’s emerging diseases. The main agents causing the diseases are zoonotic and are transmitted from animals to man either directly or via vectors. Bacterial and viral diseases have made a heavy impact on our society in the past and are still part of our everyday lives today. The survival of humans and other species relies heavily on their ability to fight disease through the immune system. Genetic characterization of the immune response among ancient specimens, especially Nubian and Hungarian mammies known to be infected, makes it possible to study the genetic factors influencing human resistance/ susceptibility to pathogens in historical times. 144 Analysis of Ancient Mummy DNA – Problems and Perspectives, ALBERT ZINK*, ANGELA GRAEFEN, CHRISTIAN MITTERER, and FRANK MAIXNER (EURAC – Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; [emailprotected]). The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) from mummies offers unique possibilities for the study of their origin, family relationships and diseases. Several reports have been published on the molecular investigation of ancient pathogen DNA in mummies, revealing important information on the occurrence, frequency and evolution of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria. In other studies, the feasibility of aDNA for determining the genetic relationships of Royal Egyptian mummies have been demonstrated. Nevertheless, the analysis of aDNA from mummies is often severely hampered by the presence of PCR-inhibiting substances either introduced during the mummification process, e.g. embalming material in Egyptian mummies, or from the environment during the course of natural preservation, such as the presence of humic acids in bog bodies. Therefore, many well-established protocols for

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the extraction of aDNA from bone samples cannot be directly used for mummy tissues without additional working steps. Up to now, only a few studies have addressed the preservation of aDNA in soft tissue. Recently, we have tested several different extraction methods and are currently developing new protocols specifically adapted to preserved soft tissue, such as skin, muscle or inner organs and to overcome inhibition problems. In summary, the excellent overall preservation of mummies makes them a valuable source for aDNA studies, but further research is necessary to understand the specific requirements for optimized mummy tissue aDNA extraction protocols. 145 Progress Report on the Progress of Scientific Studies of Three Large Mummy Collections: Results and Prospects, MARK SPIGELMAN (Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK and The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; [emailprotected]). We have for many years been studying scientifically three large mummy collections. Initially we started with the Hungarian collection of almost 250 mummies from Vac with the assistance of Ildico Pap and colleagues. Then we were able to study the 400 mummies from Kulubnarti in Northern Sudan located in Boulder Colorado with the assistance of Sue Sheridan and Dick Van Gervan. More recently we have commenced collaboration with Dong Hoon Shin on the Korean mummies. Our studies started with simple identification of small pieces of DNA using PCR techniques to show the presence or absence of DNA of mycobacterium tuberculosis. This presentation will overview almost 20 years of studies and discuss how technology has advanced and allowed us to revisit time and again our collection and glean more and more data from the individuals concerned with the aid of numerous dedicated scientist. Furthermore, we have now branched out into areas other then DNA to gain more information in related fields and discuss the implications for the future as well as conveying our more recent results and how they can improve our knowledge base. 146 Panel Discussion on the Importance of aDNA and Biomolecules in the Study of Ancient Mummies, MARK SPIGELMAN1* and DONG HOON SHIN2* (1Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Infection, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK and The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; 2Anthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28, Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea; 2Department of Anatomy, Dankook University, College of Medicine, Choenan 330715, Korea; [emailprotected], [emailprotected]). Ancient DNA and Associated biomolecules form an important and growing part of research associated with mummy studies. A panel discussion on the progress of the science as well as its future direction would help mummy researches better understand how this type of investigation can assist workers in the field to learn more about this research and how it can contribute to a better understanding of the life and death of mummies.

ABSTRACTS – Symposia

Princess Takabuti – Analylsis, Interpretation, and Visualization

Wednesday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 147 Introduction to the Takabuti Project, JENEFER COCKITT* and A.R. DAVID (KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology, University of Manchester; [emailprotected]). In 2009, a team of scientists from the Ulster Museum, Queen’s University in Belfast, the KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology at the University of Manchester, and the University of Dundee undertook a multidisciplinary study of the Egyptian mummy Takabuti in the Ulster Museum. The mummy was first brought to Belfast from Egypt in 1834 by Thomas Greg, a wealthy young man who had bought the mummy at a ‘mummy market’ in Luxor, Egypt. On returning home to Belfast, he donated the mummy to the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society whose members carried out a multidisciplinary investigation of the body in the 1830s. Subsequently, the mummy was placed in the Ulster Museum in Belfast, Northern Ireland. As part of the current investigation, the mummy was brought to the University of Manchester where various studies were undertaken to identify any evidence of disease, diet, lifestyle, lifespan, status and religious practices. Procedures undertaken included a CT-scan and endoscopic removal of minute samples of tissue for microscopic analysis, to attempt to identify any disease processes present in the mummy; the teeth were also studied and hair samples were analyzed. The research on Takabuti is now presented as a permanent exhibition in the new gallery displays at the Ulster Museum; an important element of this is the three-dimensional scientific reconstruction of the head and face of Takabuti, produced by scientists at the University of Dundee. The Belfast Mummy Project was the subject of a 60-minute BBC television documentary shown in 2009 and entitled ‘Show me the Mummy: The Face of Takabuti.’ 148 The Mummy of the Ancient Egyptian Noblewoman, Takabuti of Thebes, WINIFRED GLOVER (Ulster Museum, Botanic Avenue, Belfast BT9 5AB, Northern Ireland, UK, retired curator of World Cultures; [emailprotected]). The mummified body and case of Takabuti was brought to Belfast in April 1834. She had been bought in Egypt by Mr. Thomas Greg of Ballymenoch House, Holywood, Co. Down, and he presented her to the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society. Her arrival in Belfast caused a sensation and on 27th January 1835, she was unwrapped in the presence of the distinguished members of the Society, men only. The hieroglyphs on her case were deciphered by the Rev. Dr. Edward Hincks (1792-1866), the eminent Egyptologist and Assyriologist. He was able to say that she was between 20 and 30 years of age and the mistress of a great house in Thebes. Her father Nespare was a priest of Amun and her mother was called Tasenirit. He placed her in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. Recent research has produced some surprises. 149 Imagine Takabuti: Radiology and Osteology, JUDITH E. ADAMS1* and EILEEN M. MURPHY2 (1Department of Clinical Radiology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; 2School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland,

UK; [emailprotected]). This paper describes how the mummified remains of Takabuti were visualised in 3D through Computed Tomography. The results of the radiological analysis are discussed in relation to dental and osteological imaging. 150 Reconstruction of the Face of Princess Takabuti, CAROLINE WILKINSON, SARAH SHRIMPTON, and JANICE P. AITKEN (Forensic Art, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification and Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD14HN; [emailprotected]). As part of a multi-disciplinary project to bring to life the Egyptian Princess, Takabuti, a facial reconstruction was produced to depict her living appearance. Virtual software with haptic technology was utilised to allow intuitive sculpture and a 3D model of the skull was isolated from the CT data. Princess Takabuti was female, aged between 20 and 30 years of age and her skull exhibited a mix of Caucasian and Sub-Saharan African features. The anatomical structures of the face were modelled and modern Egyptian tissue depths were used as guides when adding the skin and subcutaneous fat layers. The facial features were determined using anatomical standards and anthropological measurements to create the finished facial appearance. A 3D replica of the digital reconstruction was produced using stereolithography, eyes and a wig were added and the face was painted to create the final craniofacial depiction. The textures were based on information provided from research collaborators as to her skin colour, make-up and hair colour and style. 151 Show Me the Mummy – the Face of Takabuti, CAROLINE WILKINSON (Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification and Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland; [emailprotected]). Borderline Productions and BBC NI produced a 60-minute documentary on the history and analysis of the Egyptian mummy Takabuti, one of the most famous residents of the Ulster Museum in Belfast. A selection of clips from the original production will show how the team of experts from all over the world came together at Belfast Castle to unravel the mystery of Takabuti. The two mysteries were: where in Egypt did she come from, and could the experts recreate her face. Dr. Zahi Hawass, then head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities at the University of Cairo and the Curator at the Museum of Cairo, guides two of the experts through various Egyptian sites to set the stage for Takabuti’s origin. In Show Me the Mummy, the audience is asked to join the experts in the discovery of the true Face of Takabuti.

United States and World Fairs

Wednesday, starting at 8:30 a.m. in KIPJ B 152 Writing the History of World’s Fairs, JAMES G. GILBERT (Distinguished University Professor Emeritus, History Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; gilbertj@umd. edu). The history of World’s Expositions might be divided into four loose temporal categories: 1) Victorian Fairs from 1851 to around the Beginning of World War I. 2) Fairs of the 1920s and 1930s including the failed Rome Exposition. 3) Postwar fairs up through perhaps Vancouver in 1986 and 4) Post-modern fairs. An

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia exploration of similarities within these eras might be helpful in constructing an overall history of World’s Fairs. My principal focus is on the much written about late Victorian American Expositions. The existing literature is fascinating, smart, and provocative, and dominated by, but not limited to, issues of race and imperialism. These were certainly important subjects for the elites who planned them and the anthropologists who sought confirmation of their new profession by lending academic rigor to the enormous and largely entertainment-focused ersatz villages and native pavilions. My approach is somewhat different and calls for an orientation that attempts to 1) examine the audience reaction to the various elements of the fairs, how they understood them, what they actually saw, and how they transformed this experience and 2) the contexts in which these fairs existed: the history of previous fairs and other expositions, the burgeoning cities that hosted them, the technology of travel and tourism and photography, important political and social issues of the day, and so forth. This perspective allows a different point of view than the reproduction of elite intentions. 153 Asian Americans and Asian Nations at U. S. World Fairs, 1876-1915, BENNET BRONSON (Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee. P. O. Box 19090, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110; [emailprotected]). The nations of Asia, independent and colonized alike, treated international expositions as showcases for products and culture and as platforms for stating political positions. However, at a surprisingly early date, U.S.-based Asians focused on different objectives: promoting respect among white Americans, benefiting their own communities, and--not least important--making money. The existence of splits between Asian governments and Asians in the U. S. constitutes some of the first evidence we have of the growth of distinct Asian-American identities. 154 Living ‘Cliff Dwellers’ at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition: An Enduring Metaphor of a 21st Century Indigenous People, LARS KRUTAK (Repatriation Office, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, NW, MRC 138, Washington, DC [emailprotected]. 202-633-0869). At the end of the 19th century, new discoveries of prehistoric ruins and living “cave and cliff dwellers” in the Greater Southwest excited the imaginations of scientists, travel writers, and popular magazine readers alike. As this frontier world was revealed for the first time, a constellation of ideas, images, and cultural markers were selectively created to later “sell” the region and its peoples to tourists, including those individuals who visited the “Cliff-Dwellers” exhibition at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Inhabited by members of Laguna Pueblo during the Fair, this 70-foot-tall diorama was modeled after the now-vanished Battle Rock ruin located in McElmo Canyon, Colorado. However, this paper will suggest that the Tarahumara (Rarámuri) of Northwest México probably were the original source of inspiration for the Cliff-Dwellers installation. Since 1890, the Tarahumara had been described as “living cave and cliff dwellers” in a variety of scientific and mass-produced publications penned by writers including the pioneering archaeologist Adolph Bandolier, the explorer Frederick Schwatka, and the noted ethnologist Carl Lumholtz. Today, the “living cave dwellers” theme continues to be endorsed and exploited by Mexican state and federal tourism sectors to draw travelers to the homeland of the

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Tarahumara: the remote Copper Canyon region which is promoted as the “Last Frontier” of México. Drawing on the literary and ethnographic record of the late 19th century, this paper will explore the enduring legacy of the “living cave dwellers” trope and reveal how it is implicated in the commercialization of 21st century Tarahumara culture. 155 A Publicly Ethereal Manifestation: Chicago, Anthropology, and the World’s Columbian Exposition, STEPHEN E. NASH (Curator, Department of Anthropology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80205; [emailprotected]). Although the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition (WCE) in Chicago has been heralded as a social, historic, political, economic, anthropological, and symbolic turning point in American history, publicly recognizable vestiges of the Exposition itself are remarkably hard to find on the city’s landscape. Although the 50,000 ethnographic and archaeological objects on display at the Fair became the seminal collection of the Columbian Museum (now Field Museum) of Chicago, publicly visible acknowledgment of the Museum’s auspicious origins are difficult to find. During the Museum’s first years, the World’s Columbian Exposition collections were processed into hundreds of accessions in the Department of Anthropology; tens of thousands of catalog numbers were assigned in the process. In the ensuing decades, however, a remarkably large number of the original pieces were deaccessioned, lost, consigned to waste, sold, or exchanged, to a degree that suggests the WCE Collection was not considered an entity into and of itself. In a proud and pugnacious city that takes its history seriously, the publicly ethereal nature of the World’s Columbian Exposition in general, and the Anthropology collection in particular, defies easy explanation. 156 Mummies in Context: Displays of Human Remains at World’s Fairs in the United States, SAMUEL REDMAN (Ph.D. Candidate, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley; Academic Specialist, Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;redman@berkeley. edu). Numerous displays at international expositions exhibited human remains. The most popular of these were often exhibitions of mummified bodies. Mummified remains from Egypt and the Americas attracted massive audiences and forced visitors to reconsider ideas about race and human history. Displays of mummies, however, were not the only exhibits of human remains hosted by international expositions. This paper places the display of mummified remains into the broader context of the display of the human body at world’s fairs in the United States. 157 Platform for Immigration Battles: Chinese Americans at World Fairs before 1920, CHUIMEI HO (Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee, P. O. Box 19090, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110; [emailprotected]). Chinese in America began to take part in U.S. World Fairs at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Their primary motivation was to represent Chinese culture when the Chinese government had declined that role. A less obvious objective was to use the event to advocate for more favorable immigration laws. These goals lingered on through other world fairs during the following two decades. This paper will examine attempts to achieve those goals, their success and failure.

ABSTRACTS – Symposia 158 Documenting the New Colony through its Objects: The Smithsonian’s Philippine Collections from the early 20th Century International Fairs, PATRICIA O. AFABLE (Research Associate, Asian Cultural History Program, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, NW, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20013; [emailprotected]). Soon after the U.S. annexation of the Philippines, numerous objects collected by government officials and military personnel began to reach the Smithsonian Institution. Two large collections were the result of exhibitions at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1901 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904. The intention of this paper is twofold: First, it will survey the major collectors and donors to the 1901 and 1904 Fairs, their motivations, institutional backgrounds, and collecting contexts. It will show how these accessions were part of a sustained effort to obtain knowledge about the peoples, the history, and the commercial potential of this recently acquired Pacific territory. Second, I will examine the history of a basketry collection made by two women, the Massachusetts-born sisters, Elizabeth and Sarah Metcalf, who decided to go the Philippines after meeting Filipino participants at the St. Louis Fair. They acquired textiles and baskets over more than three decades, while they traveled, taught in primary schools, and became retailers of Philippine handicrafts. Through a study of the materials, techniques, and production sources of the Metcalf basketry collection, I explore the intersection of goals among government-sponsored science, business corporations, and the U. S. insular administration in the long-term project to document the Philippine colony through its objects. The Philippine Bureau of Education exhibition in the 1915 Panama Pacific Exposition provides a pertinent illustration of this confluence of interests. 159 Performers, Interpreters, and the Showman Onstage and Offstage at the Pay Streak’s ‘Igorrote Village’, DEANA WEIBEL1 and PATRICIA O. AFABLE2 (1Associate Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, 1149 AuSable Hall, Grand Valley State University, Allendale MI 49401, [emailprotected]; 2 Research Associate, Asian Cultural History Program, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, NW, MRC 112, Washington, DC 20013; [emailprotected]). The “Igorrote Village” in the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition’s Pay Streak showcased the cultural activities and performances of about 40 people from the Bontoc region of the northern Philippine highlands. They arrived in Seattle in early 1909 with a showman from Detroit, Richard Schneidewind, who had contracted with them and arranged for their journey from the Philippines. For most of that year, the “Igorrotes” built their “Village,” including thatched-roof houses imitating their own homes, and stone-walled terraces that were said to resemble the irrigated rice fields of their home region. On a stage and in adjoining grounds, they performed traditional dances and gong music, and staged ceremonies, mock battles, and trials. As part of their daily routine, they displayed their weaving techniques, cooking practices, and other portrayals of (as one brochure put it) “the life, manners, customs and industries of these remarkable children of nature” to the Pay Streak audience. This account. by two anthropologists, attempts to recover some of the lives and historical experiences of the indigenous participants in the 1909 “Igorrote Village” at the AYPE and their showman,

Richard Schneidewind. Family stories and the body of documents taken as a whole also reveal to us how, during the long journeys to the Fairs, the Bontoc performers developed viable working relationships with Richard Schneidewind and his family that made life “onstage” and “offstage” comfortable and stimulating collaborative experiences. 160 Defining a Californian: Visions of California at the PanamaPacific International Exposition, ABIGAIL MARKWYN (Assistant Professor of History, Carroll University, 100 North East Avenue, Waukesha, WI 53186; [emailprotected]). The fair directors of San Francisco’s 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition promoted a vision of California history that glorified the white male pioneer’s conquest of the state’s native population and that denied the participation of other nonwhite peoples. Yet, many different organizations and individuals produced the spectacle of the exposition, and although exposition directors maintained some control over exhibits, they could not control all events on the grounds. Local residents, including woman suffragists, Catholics, Chinese and African Americans staged parades to celebrate their ethnic heritage, hometown, or county; and fraternal, political and religious groups created pageants, speeches, and processions to assert their particular place in local and national society. The fair therefore became a stage for these groups to assert, and at times, debate, their place in American society. This paper will examine the visions of California – and Californians – created at the PPIE, both through official art and rhetoric, as well as through unofficial activities and debates sponsored by local residents. 161 The Legacy of an Ainu Activist, Kayano Shigeru: His Lifelong Efforts to Save Ainu Heritage, YOSHIKO YAMAMOTO (Curator, Treganza Anthropology Museum Archives, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132; [emailprotected]). Kayano Shigeru was a political activist, born at Nibutani, an Ainu village known to the world since the 19th century. He dedicated his life to documenting Ainu culture in the face of exposure of this village to curious visitors, historians, linguists, geographers and folklorists from Japan and abroad. Nibutani is where Neil Gordon Munro shot “Iyomande: The Ainu Bear Festival” in 1935, a film which brought the Ainu to world attention. Kayano’s father was an actor in this film and he himself took a small part. Nibutani is also known for the large number of archaeological sites in the vicinity, many of which have been excavated. Kayano learned the Ainu language from his grandmother, mastering the idiom through listening to her narration of traditional oral literature. His father was a traditional religious man who performed rituals for the villagers. The Nibutani Ainu had been chosen as participants in the 1904 St. Louis World Fair. At this time a considerable number of cultural treasures from the village were brought to the U.S. Concomitantly, the exposure of Ainu to the outside world brought changes to the village as well. Kayano realized how urgent it was to protect the Ainu heritage before it was lost. He became a strong advocate of the Ainu’s rights as the original settlers of Japan. Kayano published many works on Ainu heritage, showing the richness of their culture and how necessary it was to respect and to know of this cultural heritage in the generations to come.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia 162 World’s Fairs as Special Collections, TAMMY LAU (Head, Special Collections Research Center, California State University, Fresno, 5200 North Barton Avenue, ML34, Fresno, CA 93740; [emailprotected]). This will be a brief description of the Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs, the largest world’s fair collection on the West Coast as well as a discussion of the challenges of documenting all world’s fairs from 1851 to the present, the promise of working with scholars and researchers in developing a collection, the importance of collecting primary sources and the future of the field in world’s fair research and collection development.

head, and living simian morphologies were assessed. Microscopic hair analysis confirmed the tsantsa as human, of Mongoloid ancestry. Population demographics resulted in the head being estimated as male, age 20-30 years. The tsantsa scan was constructed utilizing craniofacial measurements, obtained from the McManus tsantsa and superimposed subject photographs. A scanned template cranium was manipulated in FreeForm to conform to extant Peruvian craniofacial measurements, and a template mandible developed using Sassouni Analysis, providing a hypothetical scaffold for reconstruction. Texturing and tribal decoration was applied with Autodesk Maya 2010. Verification of the reconstruction was not possible due to the absence of ante-mortem photographs.

Facial Analysis and Depiction of Preserved Remains

165 The Texturing of a Facial Depiction of Clonycavan Man – A Bog Body from Ireland, JANICE P. AITKEN1*, CAROLINE WILKINSON2, and C. D. EROLIN2 (1Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee, Perth Road, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 4HT; 2Center for Anatomy and Human Identification, MS1/TMW Complex, Dow Street, University of Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH; [emailprotected]). The facial morphology and proportions of the bog body ‘Clonycavan Man’ were established from CT scans, including a 3D model of the preserved soft tissues, and high quality photographs taken at the time of discovery. The soft tissue model was used to recreate the facial appearance whilst referring to the skeletal material for basic proportions. The digital 3D facial model was manipulated in Freeform Modelling Plus software to produce a head. Skin textures, eyes and hair were added to the 3D model using Maya 3D animation software and Adobe Photoshop. Digitally painted images or ‘texture maps’ were added to the model using a subsurface scattering shading group designed to simulate the appearance of the translucence of skin. The texture of the skin was simulated by adding a ‘bump map’ which gives the appearance of pores, wrinkles and marks. The bump map simulated textures in a relatively shallow depth and the geometry of the model was not changed and so retained the integrity of the original forensic facial reconstruction. Eyes were created as 3D models and colour added according to that estimated by the National Museum of Ireland. Hairstyle and facial hair were created using the ‘Paint Effects’ tool within Maya to the style and colour suggested in the report provided by the Museum of Ireland. A final rendered animation was created of a rotation of the head to allow the viewer to see the model from a range of angles.

Wednesday, starting at 9:15 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 163 The Craniofacial Analysis of the Possible Skull of Arsinoe, Sister of Cleopatra, CHRISTOPHER RYNN1*, CAROLINE WILKINSON1, FABIAN KANZ2, and JANICE P. AITKEN1 (1Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, Dundee, Scotland, UK; 2 Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Forensic Medicine, Austria; [emailprotected]). The remains of a teenage female, dated to between 210 and 20BC, were discovered in 1926 by Josef Keil (Austrian Archaelogical Institute) at the “Oktogon” - a Heroon tomb in the centre of ancient Ephesus. Thought to belong to Arsinoe IV of Egypt, the exiled and murdered younger sister of Cleopatra VII, the skull has been lost for over 50 years. Photographs taken of the skull in anatomical planes were scaled and imported into SensAble Freeform 3D modelling software. Each photograph formed one wall of a 3D cuboid shape, into which the 3D model of a skull of similar biological profile was imported, aligned, and subsequently manually distorted to fit each image in the appropriate elevation.Detailed craniometric measurements taken before the skull’s disappearance in 1953 were employed to improve the accuracy of the virtual skull model.The absent mandible was estimated using roentgenographic cephalometric analysis, and modern forensically-tested methods were used to reconstruct the face. 164 Facial Analysis of a Tsantsa: A Shrunken Head from the Shuar Tribes of South America, TOBIAS HOULTON (College of Anatomy and Human Identification, MSI/TMW Complex, Dow Street, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland; [emailprotected]). Original MSc research was on a tsantsa (shrunken head) from the McManus Museum in Dundee and thought to be from the Shuar Tribes in South America. It challenged recent speculation that the head was simian, and not an authentic example of human head shrinking. The tsantsa was assessed for sex and age and the effects of shrinking on facial morphology, studied using pig heads. A 3D facial approximation was attempted using a laser scanner (FastSCAN Scorpion) and 3D modelling software (FreeForm Modelling Plus). To establish the identity of the McManus tsantsa, morphologies of extant authenticated human tsantsa, a shrunken monkey

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166 Body Snatchers – The Analysis of a Mummified Human Child as an Anatomical Specimen, CAROLINE WILKINSON, SUE BLACK, XANTHE MALLETT, and WOLFRAM MEIERAUGENSTEIN (Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification and Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland; [emailprotected]). This paper describes the analysis of a dissected and preserved child thought to be a 19th century anatomical specimen. The analysis included historical research, stable isotope assessment, resin content assessment and facial depiction. The research follows an interesting path in darkest Victorian Britain, and the story leads to a possible murder victim.

ABSTRACTS – Symposia 167 Historical/Archaeological Digital Forensic Facial Reconstruction from CT Scans, JOSHUA HARKER (2017 W. Warner, Chicago, IL 60618, [emailprotected]). Putting a face on the skull of a long deceased individual has the innate ability of helping connect us to the subject in a significant way that humanizes the remains. The face is arguably our most recognizable attribute. From birth we are programmed in facial recognition and much of our communication is based on how we identify with the faces of others. By reconstructing the face of a mummy from digital scans we are able to peer into the eyes of a past life without disturbing the remains. A host of new technologies brings us closer than ever without ever having to touch the physical body. Forensic artist Joshua Harker will be discussing digital facial reconstruction from CT Scan/DICOM data. The presentation will specifically address techniques, related technologies, process reliability, benefits, and reconstruction results. His recent depictions of the Oriental Institute’s Mummy Meresamun (800 B.C.) and University of Belgrade’s Mummy Nesmin (300 B.C.) will be referenced. Time allowing, a short software demonstration will be given highlighting the digital reconstruction process.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Status and Challenges, Part II

Wednesday, starting at 9:30 a.m. in KIPJ Rooms C and D (Continuing from Tuesday; please refer to page 83 in these Proceedings for Tuesday’s abstracts.)

168 Relaxation Phenomena in the Adiabatic Phase Transition of Type I Superconductor Particles, PETER D. KEEFE (University of Detroit Mercy, 24405 Gratiot Avenue, Eastpointe, MI 48021 USA; www.Keefengine.com; [emailprotected]). The first order phase transition of a Type I superconductor involves thermal and electrodynamic relaxation processes of the control variables for which the relaxation time of the electrodynamic relaxation process proceeds from an initial state to a final state about three orders of magnitude faster than the caloric relaxation process proceeds. In the first order adiabatic phase transition of macroscopically sized specimens, ensemble averaging results in relaxation time differences of the control variables being unobservable, the relaxation processes being considered coupled and simultaneous; the phase transition is isentropic. In the first order adiabatic phase transition of mesoscopically sized particles, volume-wide coherence results in relaxation time differences of the control variables being observable, the relaxation processes being considered decoupled and non-simultaneous; the phase transition is not isentropic. 169 The Production of Electricity Out of a Heat Bath, RODERICH W. GRAEFF (Private Scholar, Domagkweg 7; D-78126 Koenigsfeld, Germany and 102 Savage Farm Drive, Ithaca, NY 14850; [emailprotected]). The author reports a negative temperature gradient in carefully-insulated vertical columns of gases, liquids and solids, cold at the top and warm at the bottom. This is caused by the effects of gravity. The surrounding environment showed a positive gradient. The temperature difference between top and bottom of a vertical column allows the production of electricity out of a heat bath. The author will demonstrate this effect with a “Gravity

Machine,” using a single crystal silicon rod and water as the heat bath. This represents a Perpetuum Mobile of the Second Kind. It strengthens the position of J.Loschmidt, who believed and declared in 1876 that a vertical column of a solid in an isolated system would show a temperature gradient under the influence of gravity, being cold at the top and warm at the bottom. 170 On Entropy in Eulerian Thermodynamics, CHRISTIAN FRONSDAL and ABHISHEK PATHAK* (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, 475 Portola Plaza, Box 951547, Los Angeles, CA 90095; abhishekpathak@ ucla.edu). To the student of thermodynamics the most difficult subject is entropy. In this paper we examine the actual, practical application of entropy to two simple systems, the homogeneous slab with fixed boundary values of the temperature, and an isolated atmosphere in the presence of the static gravitational field. The first gives valuable insight into the nature of entropy that is subsequently applied to the second system. It is a basic tenet of thermodynamics that the equilibrium of an extended, homogeneous and isolated system is characterized by a uniform temperature distribution and it is a strongly held belief that this remains true in the presence of gravity. We find that this is consistent with the equations of extended thermodynamics but that entropy enters in an essential way. The principle of equivalence takes on a new aspect. 171 A Generalized Second Law for Heterogeneously Coupled Energy Systems that Exhibit Equilibrium Temperature Differentials and Comments on Time Reversibility and Entropy, CHRISTOPHER G. JESUDASON (Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; [emailprotected]). The development of the Zeroth and Second laws were modeled on homogenous mechanical systems defined as possessing mass and conforming to Newton’s laws of motion and the First law of thermodynamics. The deductions and theorems derived from considerations and observations of these mechanical systems were presumed to obtain for other bodies or systems not sharing all of the characteristics of these mechanical systems and interactions, such as electromagnetic (EM) radiation, where its material equivalent pressure is half of that of Newtonian corpuscles for the same kinetic energy flow. One could conceivably in principle observe temperature differentials -violating the Zeroth law in standard form- if one could couple this form of energy interaction with those for purely mechanical interactions, if equality of pressure at the system interfaces is a stipulated condition. A simple experiment conducted about 15 years ago under vacuum conditions seems to suggest such possibilities. The Kirchhoff radiation , Second and other laws are generalized to accommodate this possibility. Based on an analysis of the dynamical equations of motion, it is shown that these equations are not reversible in the sense as defined, despite the conviction of many over the centuries in framing thermodynamical equations based on the reversibility principle, and some of these equations will be discussed. It is concluded that entropy evolves according to the irreversible mechanical laws.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia 172 Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and Entropy Generation:From Sadi Carnot’s Ingenious Reasoning to Holistic Generalization, MILIVOJE M. KOSTIC (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115 USA;[emailprotected]). Sadi Carnot’s ingenious reasoning of reversible cycles (1824) laid foundations for the Second Law before the Fist Law of energy conservation was even known (Joule 1843) and long before Thermodynamic concepts were established in 1850s. A century later, Bridgman (1941) “complained” that “there are almost as many formulations of the Second Law as there have been discussion of it.” Even today, the Second Law remains so obscure, due to the lack of its comprehension, that it continues to attract new efforts at clarification, including this one. The Laws of Thermodynamics have much wider, including philosophical significance and implication, than their simple expressions based on the experimental observations. The Fundamental Laws of Nature: The Zeroth (equilibrium existentialism), The First (conservationism), The Second (directional transformationalism), and The Third (unattainability of emptiness), are defining and unifying our comprehension of all existence and transformations in the universe. The forces, causing the mass-energy displacement, thus defining the process direction, are manifested by tendency of mass-energy transfer in time towards common equilibrium due to non-equilibrium of mass-energy in space.It should not be confused with local creation of non-equilibrium or “organized structures” on expense of “over-all” non-equilibrium, by spontaneous and irreversible conversion (dissipation) of other energy forms into the thermal energy, always accompanied with increase of entropy (randomized equi-partition of energy per absolute temperature level). The fundamental laws of nature are considered to be axiomatic and many believe they could not be explained, proven or questioned. However, everything may and should be questioned, reasoned, explained and possibly proven. The miracles are until they are comprehended and understood.

The Rio Muerto Project: Mummies of the Tiwanaku Culture from Moquegua, Peru Wednesday, starting at 11:00a.m. in KIPJ Theatre

173 The Rio Muerto Project 2006-2010: Mummy Preparation, Mortuary Practice, and Social Identity in the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN1*, ULRIKE M. GREEN1, ALICIA BOSWELL1, SARAH BAITZEL1, and PATRICIA PALACIOS2 (1Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0532; 2 Museo Contisuyo, Plaza de Armas, Moquegua, Peru; [emailprotected]). Mortuary excavations at the Rio Muerto site in Moquegua, Peru, perhaps the best preserved Tiwanaku site in South America, have produced an important sample of Tiwanaku mummified remains and a trove of data on mortuary practice. The Tiwanaku rituals of death and mourning indicate enduring cultural and social ties between lowland colonies and the civilization’s homeland in the high altiplano. Shared mortuary elements include widely shared practices of body preparation, wrapping and positioning, tomb construction, and burial offerings. At the same time, more subtle variability in Tiwanaku mortuary practices, mourner’s rituals and

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ethnic diacritics such as cranial deformation between distinct cemetery sectors may align with distinct subgroups or cultural identities within the larger Tiwanaku civilization. 174 Dress, Death, and Identity in Moquegua Tiwanaku: Textile Evidence from the Rio Muerto Mummies, Moquegua, Peru, ELIZABETH M. PLUNGER* and PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN (Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0532; [emailprotected]). Dress is among the most important means of communicating roles and relationships, both in life and death. The mummies and other well-preserved interments from the Tiwanaku cemetery sites at the Rio Muerto archaeological complex (M43 and M70) in Moquegua, Peru, offer a rare opportunity to examine the construction of the identities of Middle Horizon people as they are mourned and interred by family and friends. Information from the examination of the garments from these sites has provided unprecedented information on ideas of status, gender and sex roles, and the roles and importance of children, in this ancient community. 175 Unwrapping Tiwanaku Diet: Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data from the Mummies of Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru, ANDREW D. SOMERVILLE*, PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN, SARAH I. BAITZEL, MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER, SARAH RAUBENHEIMER, and LINDA YZURDIGA (Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0532; [emailprotected]). The superb preservation of human remains at Rio Muerto permits an unusual opportunity for new bioarchaeological research on Tiwanaku society. As markers of individual and group identity, dietary practices convey valuable information on ethnicity, gender, and status-based differences within archaeological populations. Through analysis of bone carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, we reconstruct the paleodiet of the Middle-Horizon Tiwanaku from Rio Muerto in the Moquegua Valley of Southern Peru. Working with mummified remains permits analysis of both traditional bone isotope ratios as well as human hair, allowing comparison between long and short-term dietary intake. Our results are compared to previously generated data from the earlier Huaracane, and succeeding Tumilaca and Chiribaya populations, and to highland Tiwanaku data to assess dietary changes in relation to political and demographic changes across the Tiwanaku core and peripheral regions. Additionally, we investigate gendered food behaviour in the peripheral Tiwanaku colony. 176 Labor, Gender, and Identity: Bioarchaeological Activity Patterns in Mummified and Skeletonized Individuals from the Tiwanaku State (AD 500-1000), SARA K. BECKER (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Anthropology, 301 Alumni Building CB#3115, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Sara.Becker@ unc.edu). Organized labor is a known key component to the development of state-level societies. However, concepts of labor in prehistoric societies can sometimes be reduced to a one-dimensional idea, overshadowing the actual individuals involved in activity and production within an emerging complex society. Within this paper, I provide a comparative framework of specific skeletal evidence to the archaeological record by using biological markers to infer how habitual activity varies within Tiwanaku state formation both in the Titicaca Basin, Bolivia and the Moquegua Valley, Peru. The

ABSTRACTS – Symposia excellent preservation at these sites including mummified or partially mummified remains along with these bioarchaeological activity data add specific insight into the routine of individuals and their contributions to the social groups in which they live, revealing divisions of labor such as status or gender differences.

Osteoimmunology: Fundamental, Clinical and Translational Implications in Temporomandibular Disorders

Wednesday, starting at 1:15 p.m. in KIPJ Room G 177 Fundamental Osteoimmunology: From Stem Cells to Boneimmune Metabolism, ANDRE BARKHORDARIAN* and FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI, (UCLA School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668; [emailprotected]). Osteoimmunology refers to the regulating interplay, interaction, and (or) interconnectivity between bone and immune biology. The interplay begins when bone provides the microenvironment that is critical for the development of the hematopoietic stem cells from which all cells of the mammalian immune system derive, and they in turn produce various immunoregulatory cytokines that influence the fate of bone cells. Besides sharing signaling molecules, bone and immune cells have a common site of origin. They influence each other not only after maturation and activation, but also at the formation stage as apparent in the role of osteoblasts in the establishment of hematopoietic stem cell niches and their maintenance in bone marrow. Abnormalities in immune system cause skeletal damages that eventually lead to osteoimmunpathologies. Various inflammatory mediators and cytokines influence the pathogenic mechanisms involving interactions between immune cells and bone. T-cell mediated immunity as well as T-cell regulation play an important role in this check and balance interaction. Central regulatory mechanisms of the immune system are key players and the link between immune system and bone as it relates to regulation of immune activation and bone resorption. 178 Psychoneuroendocrine-osteoimmunology and Temporomandibular Disorders, FRANCESCO CHIAPPELLI* and ANDRE BARKHORDARIAN (UCLA School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668; [emailprotected]). Osteoimmunology refers to the study of the interface between the skeletal and immune systems. The “osteo-immune system” pertains to the complex interactive communication between the physiology of bone and of immunity, that is the finely articulated interacting systemic, cellular and molecular regulatory pathways between the cell populations that sustain bone metabolism, the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts, and the myeloid and lymphoid cell populations that bring about cell-mediated immune surveillance. Immune and bone cells share a variety of mutually cross-regulating signaling molecules, growth factors and signaling pathways. Bone and immune cells arise from a common site of origin, namely the bone marrow, which is rich in blood supply, and autonomic innervation, that ensures well-distributed neuroendocrine modulation of bone, immune, and osteoimmune events. Osteoimmunopathology refers to the wide spectrum of pathological conditions that range from autoimmune, to inflammatory, neoplastic diseases, and joint

pathologies. We will explore the fundamentals of the psychoneuroendocrine-immune-bone crosstalk, particularly as it pertains to inflammatory processes proximal to, and detrimental to the temporomandibular joint, which forms the articulation the upper temporal bone superiorly, and the mandibular bone (i.e., mandible, “lower jaw”) inferiorly. This ginglymo-arthrodial synovial joint is a complex structure, which is controlled by the powerful muscles of mastication, and the support provided by the posterior dentition. States of physical of psycho-emotional stress or anxiety can have serious impact on the anatomy and the functioning of this joint. The proximity of the joint to critical anatomical structures contributes to explaining some of the psychoneuroendocrine-osteoimmunopathology observed in temporomandibular joint disorders. 179 Systemic Correlates of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, GARY DEMERJIAN (2701 W. Alameda Ave. Suite 606, Burbank, CA 91505; [emailprotected]). The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articulates the mandible with the maxilla. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are dysfunctions of this joint, which range from acute to chronic inflammation, trauma and dislocations, developmental anomalies,� neoplasia and arthritis. TMD manifest as signs and symptoms that involve the surrounding muscles, ligaments, bones, synovial capsule, connective tissue, teeth and innervations proximal and distal to this joint. TMD induce proximal and distal, chronic and acute, dull or intense pain and discomfort, muscle spasm, clicking/popping sounds upon opening and closing of the mouth, and chewing or speaking difficulties. The trigeminal cranial nerve V, and its branches provide the primary sensory innervation to the face and TMJ. Our clinical work suggests that the auriculotemporal (AT) nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve, the largest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, plays a critical role in TMD sequelae. As the three divisions of the Trigeminal meet at the Gasserian Ganglion, the Trigeminal bundle enters the brainstem and forms the Trigeminal Nucleus of the Spinal Tract. The AT nerve provides the somatosensory fibers that supply the joint, the middle ear, and the temporal region. The AT nerve establishes an important bridge to the sympathetic system. As it courses posteriorly to the retro-discal tissues of the condylar head of the TMJ, compression, injury or irritation of the AT nerve can lead to significant neurologic and neuro-muscular disorders, including Cervical Dystonia (Torticolli), Blepharospam , Strabismus, gait or balance disorders and Parkinson’s disease. Here, we propose that a proteomic signature of TMD can be obtained by assessing certain biomarkers in local (e.g., synovial fluid at the joint) and distal body fluids (e.g., saliva, cerebrospinal fluid), which can aid TMD diagnosis and prognosis. 180 Osteoimmunology I: Integrating Fundamental Osteoimmunology Research in Clinical Practice, JAY SISON (10921 Wilshire Blvd Suite 611, Los Angeles, CA, 90024; [emailprotected]). Periodontal disease affects 30-50% of the population. The disease is characterized by the colonization of specific bacterial strains around the supporting structures of the teeth. This infection elicits a host immune response resulting in inflammatory changes affecting the surrounding tissues. The resulting inflammation can lead to bone destruction. The loss of bone reduces support for the teeth and can result in tooth loss. The inflammatory process that leads to the destruction of the bone supporting the teeth has also been linked to the progression of other diseases including cardiovascular disease.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia This disease process highlights the importance of the interplay between the immune and skeletal systems. The field of osteoimmunology is becoming increasingly important in understanding those systems separately and the biology that permits crosstalk between them. The history and recent advances in the field of osteoimmunology in oral biology are reviewed here.

State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research Wednesday, starting at 1:30 p.m. in KIPJ Theatre

181 Introduction to State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research, FRANK J. RÜHLI1*, ALBERT ZINK2, and NIELS LYNNERUP3 (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 3Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; [emailprotected]). Ancient mummies have been examined for centuries. The enormous ongoing advance of examination modalities allow us to expand research issues. The aim of this symposium is to review the current “gold-standard” for scientific studies of ancient mummies and to predict future developments, both in terms of examination standards as well as possible “high-end” single case methodologies. 182 Macroscopic Investigation of Mummies, SALIMA IKRAM (American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt; salimaikram@ gmail.com). Traditional macroscopic investigations of mummies remain a crucial way of studying these artefacts. The sensory perceptions of the examiner often elicit new data from the mummy that is not available through radiography or CT scans. This form of analysis should always be the first step in engaging with the mummy. Such studies provide cultural and conservation information, as well as help formulate research questions that might be answered by more technical analyses, including digital imagery and chemical tests. 183 CT and MR Imaging of Ancient Mummies, FRANK J. RÜHL1* and NIELS LYNNERUP2 (1Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; 2Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; [emailprotected]). One of the gold-standards in paleopathological investigation of mummies is the radiological examination using both conventional X-rays and more advanced methods. Computed tomography (CT) represents the gold-standard of X-ray based 3D-imaging systems, however more sophisticated methods of radiological analysis, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer new diagnostic possibilities. In the last decades, these major imaging modalities show remarkable technological advances. The aim of this presentation is to give an overview of the current impact and pitfall of ancient mummy imaging, particularly focusing on CT and MRI. Various case reports of natural and artificial mummies examined by CT and MRI will highlight the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these modalities. Also, the best practice (technical parameters, diagnostic indications) in using these two major radiological techniques will be briefly addressed. 184 State-of-the-Art of High Resolution Imaging of Ancient Mummified Tissue, FRANK J. RÜHLI* and JOHANN WANEK

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(Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; [emailprotected]). The diagnostic analysis of mummified tissue using computed tomography (CT) or planar X-ray imaging is often accompanied by histological work. However, resection and rehydration processes destroy valuable skeletal remains. Therefore, three dimensional imaging techniques such as synchrotron-based tomographic imaging, microCT or the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method have become increasingly important tin the investigation of the inner structure of the shrunken tissue. Such sophisticated imaging techniques with a spatial resolution between 0.4 to 500 microns allow the investigation of micro cracks, calcifications or muscle fibres, which are invisible with conventional clinical imaging systems. Beside the application of ionizing imaging techniques increasing, research activities are now being performed using a non-ionizing approach (e.g. NMR) to preserve ancient DNA. Previous studies have indicated that the application of different nuclei such as 1H and 23Na may improve anatomical information of salt mummies. 185 3D-Analyses and 3D-Visualisations, NIELS LYNNERUP (Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; NLY@sund. ku.dk). CT-scanning has emerged as a powerful instrument for the study of mummies. As a completely noninvasive procedure, it enables a “look inside.” Basically, the CT-scanner renders the studied object as a series of slices. These slices may be “re-stacked,” making multiplanar visualisation, i.e. viewing from different slice planes, as well as full 3D visualisations possible. However, there are some pitfalls. These are partly due to the nature of X-rays as well as the workings of the CT-scanner. Furthermore, there are issues concerning the image building process, including significant data loss. To work around these problems one may apply certain software which allows interactive, single-slice manipulation and editing, but there is some subjectivity involved. Bias in viewing CT-scan images and derived 3D visualisations is thus introduced, which may have a bearing on interpreting pathologies and pseudopathologies. 186 Histological Investigation of Human Mummified Remains – Potential and Drawbacks of the Analysis of Ancient Soft Tissue Material, FRANK MAIXNER1*, ASTRID GRUMER1, BARBARA PICHLER1, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, FRANZ SCHROFFENEGGER2, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL2, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; 2Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, General Hospital Bolzano, Italy; [emailprotected]). Histology, the microscopic study of differentially stained tissue sections has become a essential tool in various biological and medical scientific fields. The application of this valuable technique ranges from basic tissue typing and pathological diagnostics to the identification of trace elements in the sample such as iron or calcium. Like other techniques in medicine, tissue histology was also applied to mummy research for its potential to determine the degree of tissue conservation and to identify possible pathological changes. However, compared to modern tissue material, ancient specimens require special re-hydration steps prior to paraffin embedding and often display different staining characteristics. Based on a study of Mekota and Vermehren (2005) we re-investigated various

ABSTRACTS – Symposia re-hydration solutions with skin tissue samples from different mummy types. Results indicate a high variability of the methods in question in terms of re-hydration efficiency, preservation of tissue details and staining characteristics. Mekota, A.M., Vermehren, M. (2005) Determination of optimal rehydration, fixation and staining methods for histological and immunohistochemical analysis of mummified soft tissues, Biotechnique and Histochemistry 80(1), 7- 13. 187 Molecular Investigations of Microbial Communities in Mummified Human Remains, FRANK MAIXNER1*, THOMAS RATTEI2, GUADELUPE PINAR3, KATJA STERFLINGERGLEIXNER3, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, GIOVANNA CIPOLLINI1, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; 2 Department of Computational Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Austria; 3Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of National Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; [emailprotected]). Mummified human remains can be regarded as an independent “ecosystem“ in which, on the one hand, highly specialized microorganism thrive, some of which are involved in degradation processes. On the other hand, traces of ancient DNA in these specimens could provide detailed insight into the past microbiome of this mummy consisting of beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Until recently, the vast majority of complex microbial communities were largely underestimated due to major technical, time, and financial constraints. Therefore, our knowledge of mummified bodies as “ecosystems” is limited. However, advancements in highthroughput next-generation sequencing technology have yielded powerful new tools in terms of cost effectiveness, time saving and data recovery. “In-depth” sequencing of phylogenetic marker genes will shed light into the spectacular microbial diversity in various habitats in and on mummies. 188 State-of-the-Art Ancient Mummy Research: Coprolites, KARL J. REINHARD (School of Natural Resources, Hardin Hall 719, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0987; kreinhard1@ mac.com). Coprolites are a source of a diversity of data regarding infection, medicine, diet, and environment of the decedent. New methods are introduced yearly for each of these topics. Highlighted in this presentation are several issues. Refined parasite diagnosis is offered by molecular and chemical methods. The analysis of starch represents the latest revolution in paleonutrition and is immediately applicable to mummy studies. Starch grains not only show what starch sources were eaten, but also the manner of preparation of specific foods. Diatom studies of coprolites are on the horizon. Diatoms reveal different aquatic environments exploited by ancient peoples. By applying aeropalynology data regarding season variations in natural pollen rain, it is possible to determine in what month of the year an individual died. When ecological and parasitological data are combined, patterns of climate variation, diet, and infection can be discerned. For example, El Niño events at the coast of Chile caused variation in Chinchorro exploitation of fish species. This in turn affected prevalence of tapeworm infection. Taphonomy is a concern. The preservation of remains from mummy coprolites is variable. By analysis of insects, mites, and the ecology of preservation, one can assess the preservation potential

of the microfossils from coprolites. This will allow one to interpret whether the absence of a class of microfossils is due to poor preservation conditions. In conclusion, a holistic approach to coprolite analysis results in the placement of pathological conditions in behavior and environmental contexts. 189 Preservation of Human Mummified Remains, ALBERT ZINK1*, MARCO SAMADELLI1, DARIO PIOMBINO-MASCALI1, and EDUARD EGARTER VIGL2 (1EURAC - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; 2 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, General Hospital Bolzano, Italy; [emailprotected]). The preservation of human mummified remains often represents a major problem, both in the original find sites as well as in secondary depositories, such as collections or museums. Changes of the microclimate surrounding mummy burials that can be caused by excavation or building activities, tourism exploitation or natural influences often lead to a decline of the natural preservation conditions. In particular, the increase of humidity and insufficient ventilation enhance the growth and spread of microorganisms that could result in major damage to mummified remains. The storage of mummies in museums or collections faces the specific challenge of recreating the natural climatic conditions. This often proves problematic, as the optimal preservation conditions for mummies from different geographic areas are not always fully understood, and also due to the high costs required for maintaining and displaying the human remains. We present examples of different mummy find sites, such as in Egypt and Sicily, where the natural preservation conditions have changed and how this has influenced the natural storage of these mummies. Moreover, different solutions for the conservation of mummies in museums will be discussed. As an example, the Tyrolean Iceman is stored in a specially designed cooling chamber that emulates the cold and humid environment in which he was naturally preserved for more than 5000 years. Modern showcases allow the use of nitrogen and a precise control of temperature and humidity. In this context, possible solutions for more efficient and less expensive preservation systems will be considered. 190 Dental Studies, ROGER SEILER* and FRANK J. RÜHLI (Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; [emailprotected]). For many years, mummies have been systematically examined, e.g. in Switzerland. We are currently completing the inventory of Swiss mummies with a special emphasis on oral findings. When it is interpret mummy oral pathologies in more detail. These pathologies are dental wear such as abrasion, attrition, erosion, and the combination there of; caries, periodontal destruction and apical lesions of the alveolar bone. In addition, possible postmortem changes in the dentition relative to the mummification process may be found. The use of 3D-reconstructions alone has in many cases limited informative value. Therefore, axial images and 2D-panoramic reformatted images are necessary in order to obtain additional information for the diagnosis of caries and periodontal destruction in mummies. We are also trying to estimate the clinical relevance of these pathological findings in mummies in general.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia 191 Advancing the Stable Isotopic Analysis of Mummies: Some Suggested Future Directions, CHRISTINE D. WHITE1* and FRED J. LONGSTAFFE2 (1Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; 2Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; [emailprotected]). This paper reviews the current methodological state of stable isotopic analyses on mummy tissues and their usefulness in: 1) understanding pathological and physiological processes, and 2) reconstructing diet, geographic mobility, long- and short-term environmental change in past populations. The potential of research designs that involve use of the tissue clock through multiple and incremental tissue analyses, combinations of different isotopes, the integration of isotopic data with other forms of data, and forms of instrumentation that provide highly specific data are discussed in light of future directions 192 Using Rapid Prototyping in Mummy Studies – Bridging Science and Public Presentation, HEATHER GILL-FRERKING* and WILFRIED ROSENDAHL (German Mummy Project, Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Germany; [emailprotected]). The application of medical imaging in mummy studies is common, and the importance of these methods for the analysis of mummies is clear. Aside from the analysis of the 2D images, and the reconstruction of virtual 3D models, data from medical imaging can be used to create physical 3D models through the use of various rapid prototyping techniques. The models, which can be made to scale to create a replica of an object or skeletal element, can be used to assist in the non-destructive analysis of the mummy and accompanying artifacts, or to create a model of the skull for facial reconstruction, for example. This paper discusses the use of rapid prototyping in the German Mummy Project. Specifically, we present two cases of South American mummies, in which objects associated with the mummies, but not visible for analysis, were reproduced using binder jet printing. Through the creation of the physical 3D models, identification of objects was possible, which enabled a more accurate contextual interpretation of each of the mummies. The replicas of the objects were then displayed with the mummy during exhibition, in order to help the visitor understand the mummy as a person, and recognize the importance of non-destructive methods of analysis in mummy studies. 193 Next Generation Sequencing Technology in Mummy Studies: The Genome of the Tyrolean Iceman, ANGELA GRAEFEN1*, ANDREAS KELLER2, MARKUS BALL3, MARK MATZAS4, VALESCA BOISGUERIN4, FRANK MAIXNER1, PETRA LEIDINGER2, ANDRE FRANKE5, JENS MAYER2, RABAB KHAIRAT3, JESSICA SPANGLER6, STEPHEN McLAUGHLIN6, MINITA SHAH6, CLARENCE LEE6, TIMOTHY HARKINS6, ALEXANDER SARTORI6, JAN HAAS7, HUGO KATUS7, BENJAMIN MEDER7, NIKOLAUS BLIN3, ECKART MEESE2, CARSTEN PUSCH3, MARCO SAMADELLI1, EDUARD EGARTER VIGL8, and ALBERT ZINK1 (1EURAC Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy; 2Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany; 3Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tübingen, Germany; 4Febit Biomed GMBH, Heidelberg, Germany; 5Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany; 6Lifetech/Applied

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Biosystems, Beverly, MA 01915, Foster City, CA 94404; 7Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; 8Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, General Hospital Bolzano, Italy; [emailprotected]). Whole genome sequencing approaches are rapidly gaining in popularity within the field of ancient DNA. However, most human palaeogenomic studies have been carried out on skeletonised human remains (or other remains such as hair), so that the opportunities of comparing genomic and physical data (such as phenotypic appearance or non-skeletal afflictions) are strictly limited. We present here the preliminary results of the whole-genome analysis of the 5300 year-old Tyrolean Iceman, carried out using Applied Biosystems/Lifetech SOLiD4 sequencing technology, and outline the methods used for sample preparation and sequencing. Success rates on genome coverage and depth proved to be very high, despite the small sample size used for library preparation. Genomic data was analysed with regard to functional and clinically relevant polymorphisms, as well as phylogenetic implications. Clinically relevant SNPs were compared with existing radiological, pathological, and morphological insights from previous studies to evaluate the possibility of a potential genetic predisposition. Furthermore, the genomic data serves as a reference database for significant genetic polymorphisms identified in future genome-wide association studies.

The Changing Role of the Research University in K–12 Science Education

Wednesday, starting at 2:00 p.m. in KIPJ Room A 194 UC Berkeley’s Response to The Gathering Storm: Cal Teach and MfA Berkeley, NICOLE NUNES, (College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, 367 Evans Hall, MC 3860, Berkeley, CA 94720-3860; [emailprotected]). Improving science and math education is a national imperative, and it is widely acknowledged as a critical engine for careers in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields, innovation, economic growth and U.S. competitiveness. In response to this need, UC Berkeley has launched two complementary programs to address the recruitment and retention of quality teachers – Cal Teach and Math for America (MfA), Berkeley. Cal Teach Berkeley is a new undergraduate teacher credential program that promotes teaching as a career through coursework and field placements in local schools. The program allows undergraduates to obtain a teaching credential along with their undergraduate degree in science, math or engineering. MƒA Berkeley offers Master Teacher Fellowships to secondary math and science teachers to help them continue to develop the skills, commitment, professional support, and leadership development they need to continue teaching in urban schools. Both programs focus on developing quality teaching practices through the integration of strong content knowledge, an inquiry approach to teaching informed by experience doing scientific research, and extensive experience working in urban classrooms. Through collaboration between the Graduate School of Education and STEM faculty, these two programs leverage the strengths of the university to support K-12 math and science education. 195 Content-Intensive Courses inUC San Diego’s Science Education Minor: Preliminary Results on Their Effects on Pre-Service

ABSTRACTS – Symposia Science Teachers, JOHN CZWORKOWSKI (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0303, La Jolla, CA 92093-0303; [emailprotected]). The California Teach Program at the University of California is the product of a state-wide initiative to increase the number of highly-qualified science and math teachers in the state. At UC San Diego, the Program spurred the creation of a Science Education Minor, designed through a cooperative effort of faculty in the sciences, mathematics, and education, which offers students academic work and field experiences that provide a holistic preparation for their future work as science and math teachers, including integration of significant science content with theories of learning and teaching in several innovative courses. The content-intensive courses in the Minor, and preliminary results on outcomes for the participating students, will be described in the presentation. There are strong indications that the courses are positively influencing students’ attitudes toward teaching, that students’ own learning of science has become more sophisticated, and that a foundation is being laid for development of the students’ pedagogical content knowledge. 196 Growing a Culture for Science Education in the University of Arizona’s College of Science, DEBRA TOMANEK (Office of Instruction and Assessment and the College of Science Teacher Preparation Program, University of Arizona, 1500 E. University Blvd., Bldg. 70, Tucson, AZ 85721; [emailprotected]). Colleges of science at many research universities have long histories of engagement in science education outreach activities. This is especially common at land-grant research institutions like the University of Arizona (UA). However, in recent years, the UA has been a leader in developing a culture for science education that goes beyond its outreach mission. The development of this culture has resulted in a science teacher preparation program for undergraduate science majors who wish to become secondary level science teachers, a College of Science based promotion and tenure system that values scholarly productivity in the areas of teaching and learning, and the preparation of doctoral students who pursue research on science teaching or learning while earning their degrees in science. These products of the UA College of Science culture for science education have also resulted in unexpected outcomes such as increased collaborations between scientists and science educators in funded grant projects, greater awareness by scientists of research on teaching and learning, and higher cumulative GPAs for science majors in the College of Science based program than the national GPA average for students majoring in education-based teacher preparation programs. 197 Leveraging a Collaborative Partnership to Achieve High Quality Professional Development for Science Teachers, KENT J. CRIPPEN (Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas College of Education, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Box #453005, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3005; kcrippen@ unlv.nevada.edu). The unique attributes of an urban environment, such as issues of diversity and large student populations learning English as a second language, necessitate unique solutions for improving K12 STEM education. By breaking down traditional barriers and leveraging collaborative partnerships, the nation’s research universities have an important role to play in this endeavor, including

teacher professional development. This presentation describes a professional development model that uses a learning community approach with a collaborative partnership that includes a university, school district, and regional professional development organization in order to improve current K-12 teachers and STEM education. This approach leverages each institution’s attributes and resources in order to overcome institutional barriers and provide high quality professional development for teachers. Evaluation results from a recent project, Project PASS are used to characterize the model and its effectiveness for increasing teacher content knowledge, reforming the classroom characteristics of teacher participants, and improving student performance. 198 More Than Outreach: Starting a Charter School on a Research University Campus, BARBARA SAWREY (Academic Affairs and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0001, La Jolla, CA 920930001; [emailprotected]). How does a charter school fit into the mission of a research university, and how do the two institutions sustain a relationship? In 2000 The Preuss School@UCSD opened its doors on the UC San Diego campus. Today it serves 826 diverse students, all of whom are from low-income, first-generation college families. The school teaches grades 6-12, with a longer school day and a longer school year than other San Diego public schools. Ninety four percent of the 2010 graduating class was accepted at a four-year college or university. The challenges of creating the school were many, but the success has been even greater than expected, often in unforeseen ways. Many of the outcomes and challenges will be highlighted in the session.

Mexican Mummy Studies

Thursday, starting at 8:00 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 199 Incidents in the Sierra Tarahumara, ENRIQUE CHACÓN SORIA (Centro INAH Chihuahua, Paseo Bolívar No. 608, Col. Centro, Chihuahua, CP 31000; [emailprotected]). While searching for Francisco Villa’s body in the “Cueva del Gigante” in the Alta Tarahumara near the town of Guerrero, Chihuahua, México in January 2010, a group of 20 infant bodies, including nine mummies, were found and illegally extracted. One of the skulls showed a bullet sized hole and, due to the actual violent regime in the area, the excavation site was believed to be a “narco fosa” (narco mass grave).Authorities were informed of this; preliminary forensic and contextural studies indicated that the bodies were not modern but historic, if not pre–Hispanic, and so the Chihuahua INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) office took responsibility of the discovery and classified it as illegal destruction of cultural heritage. The analysis on the associated artifacts, such as pottery, corn, cloth made up of vegetable fibers, cords, wooden artifacts, etc., indicated that “Cueva del Gigante” was a Tarahumara burial ground of approximately 1200 to 1500 A.D. In order to address the questions “what is the economic and cultural value of a mummy from the Sierra Tarahumara?” and “what is the purpose of looting?” this study analyses all the previously registeredcases of mummies in the Sierra and integrated several points of view from different social actors (First Nations and Mestizos) on looting and preservation of human burials and their associated cultural material.

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia 200 The “Why” of the Mortuary Context of Mexican Mummies, ILÁN LEBOREIRO* and JOSEFINA MANSILLA (Dirección de Antropología Fisica, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, Col. Polanco, México, D.F. 11560; [emailprotected]). The cultural practices around death expressed by ancient human groups through the bioarchaeological context, has been of great interest to anthropology since the nineteenth century. Without a doubt, those practices imply the manipulation of the cultural material, reflecting social relations and cultural ideals, being the human body the principal element to consider in the mortuary context. The vast majority of mummified bodies found in México have been the result of donations, looting, or archeological rescues. Nevertheless, even when the mortuary context from which those mommies come from is modified or destroyed, it is sometimes possible to reconstruct that context, meaning that we can have an idea of the “how” of a burial site. But to be able to understand the “why” of a mortuary context, implies a different methodology. In this study we integrate the interdisciplinary analysis around the mortuary contexts appealing to the ethnohistorical testimonies that describe the cultural aspects of the ethnic groups from Northeast México, and contrasted the bioarcheological evidences with the available data from burial ritual practices.

here are some bioarchaeological results, such as the radiocarbon analysis which determined that of one of the mummies is the most ancient Mexican mummy.

201 Brief Overview about the Mexican Mummies, JOSEFINA MANSILLA* and ILÁN LEBOREIRO (Dirección de Antropología Fisica, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, Col. Polanco, México, D.F. 11560; dra_ [emailprotected]). Mummified bodies in México have been documented since the pre-Columbian, this phenomenon is mostly due to the dry or semiarid environment of some caves, crypts, underneath churchs’ floors, or other places where the corpses quickly suffer dehydration, therefore avoiding the natural process of decomposition changes attributed to microbial and autolytic actions. The aim of this paper is to describe and compare the different bioarchaeologial characteristics of some of these corpses through different epochs in México.

203 Ancient DNA from Mummified Tissue in México: A Case Study for the Early Colonization of the Americas, Cristina Valdiosera1*, Colin Smith1, Morten Rasmussen1, Victor Moreno1, Eske Willerlev1, ILÁN LEBOREIRO2, and JOSEFINA MANSILLA2 (1Center for GeoGenetics, Geologiske Museum, Oster Voldgade 5-7; 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark; 2Dirección de Antropologia Fisica, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, C.P. 11560, México D.F. [emailprotected]; [emailprotected]; [emailprotected]). Ancient DNA can be obtained from several different sources such as bone, teeth, hair, seeds, coprolites and soil, of different ages and environments. Mummified material represents an excellent source of DNA due to its exceptional molecular preservation. Moreover, mummy hair provides one of the best possible sources of ancient DNA as hair is robust to human contamination that blights such studies and hair sampling is less destructive than sampling teeth or bones. Here we present preliminary results obtained from ancient DNA analysis of pre-Columbian mummies from México. As part of an ongoing project, this data is combined with the anthropological context, radiocarbon dates, and novel stable isotopic techniques to provide information about the genetic diversity of Amerindian populations in México and palaeodietary preferences of these individuals. This data will be integrated further into a larger study of ancient DNA with samples spanning both the North and South American continents and the time range of the earliest colonizers. Within this continental and temporal framework the Mexican samples discussed here represent an optimal case study to analyze the genetic diversity in the Americas right before European contact at approximately 500 years ago. Part of these populations are thus some of the latest samples (i.e. longest surviving lineages) and they represent an important location in the continent where gene flow will almost certainly have taken place.

202 México’s Most Ancient Mummy: Tm-c-247 at Romero´s Cave, JOSEFINA MANSILLA* and ILÁN LEBOREIRO (Dirección de Antropología Fisica, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, Col. Polanco, México, D.F., 11560; [emailprotected]). Back in the 1950´s the archeological research conducted by Richard McNeish in the South of Tamaulipas has been of great significance for the modern Mexican archaeology. His methodical excavations in the region unraveled the history of the Prehispanic groups that inhabited that area. In the Southwest zone of the state, in 1955, McNeish excavated the caves at the Infiernillo Canyon, particularly the Romero, Valenzuela and Ojo de Agua. He established a stratigraphical cultural sequence based on food remains and archaeological material, covering approximately from 7000 B.C. to 1500 A.D. In the Romero cave at the Ocampo region, catalogued as Tm-c-247, he reports nine human burials found among the sixteen settlements in that cave. Even when he doesn’t refer to them explicitly as mummies, he thoroughly details the cultural material associated to each one of these burials. Once he concluded with the excavations and until the last five years, the “McNeish Mummies” were believed as vanished. Fifty years went by until the rediscovery of these mummies; we have recently studied them and

204 Traditions of the Ancient Northern Mexican Desert: Furwrapped and Flexed Positioned Mummies of Infant Cadavers, Leticia GonzAlez1*, Josefina Mansilla2, Sandra Pompa3, Marco Antonio RodrIguez4, and ILÁN LEBOREIRO2 (1Museo Regional de La Laguna, Bosque Venustiano Carranza s/n, Torreon, Coahuila, C.P. 27000; 2Dirección de Antropología Fisica, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, C.P. 11560, México, D.F.; 3Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Ecologia y Conservacion de Fauna Silvestre, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México D.F.; 4Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Evolución Molecular y Experimental, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México, D.F.; [emailprotected]). In the northern Mexican desert, several infant mummies, flexed-positioned, wrapped in animal skin and woven mat (petate), have been found buried or in caves. From these, two cases from the Cuatrociénegas region with these features are described and analyzed. We also discuss the one published by Walter Taylor (1968) in the same region. These two Mexican cases are compared and discussed with the ones described in Texas, being these sites are ecologically similar and were used by the same hunter/collector tribes

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia culturally. One of the infants was radiocarbon-dated to be 918 + 26 B.P. Samples from the fur used to flex and wrap the infant were collected in order to determine if it is mule, white-tailed deer or other animal. Using Pääbo technique and Quiagen Kit modified to isolate DNA, we amplified the third variable region of mitochondrial gene D-Loop and sent it to sequencing. Sequences obtained were analyzed to determine at least the genus of the organism’s sample. The geographical ranges of both species of deer overlap in the Cuatrociénegas region, and several authors mention the almost perfect DNA similarity between species, mainly in the border region of México and the United States. We also identified the principal plant component of the “petate” and other elements of the burial bundle. 205 Characterization of Mummy Hair at Nanometric Level Through Atomic Force Microscopy, CARMEN PIJOAN1*, PEDRO BOSCH2, CARLOS FLORES2, JOSEFINA MANSILLA1, ILÁN LEBOREIRO1, and María Teresa MenendezTaboada3 (1Direccion de Antropología Fisica, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Reforma y Gandhi s/n, C.P. 11560, México, D.F.; 2Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, México D.F.; 3Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. C.P. 14030 México, D.F.; cmpijoan@ yahoo.com). The characterization of human hair has been usually reduced to morphology at a micron level through scanning electron microscopy images. However, nowadays atomic force microscopy has been shown to be an adequate technique to study hair. The main advantage of such method is that it does not require any pretreatment of the sample, i.e. no covering with a conductor material or high vacuum. The disadvantage is that it does not have high focus depth. Results obtained with atomic force microscopy have been reported for contemporary hair, but none can be found in the bibliography for mummy hair. Only, in a previous work, we have shown how scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are complementary techniques in the characterization of mummy and contemporary hairs, mummy materials came from adults and children found in La Ventana cave, North México. In this study, we compare mummy hair (adult female) and the corresponding contemporary hair images obtained by atomic force microscopy at a higher amplification. The alterations, easily observed at a macroscopic level, respond to modifications of the nanometric structure. 206 Trace Elements in Ancient Tarahumara Mummy Hair, MARÍA TERESA MENENDEZ-TABOADA (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. C.P. 14030, México, D.F.; [emailprotected]). This study integrates a variety of techniques that help determine the concentrations of trace elements in Prehispanic mummy hair. Human recent hair samples and from Tarahumaran mummies were analyzed; results were obtained using X-ray Fluorescence (FRX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (DRX); these results give a great approach of the diet and the environment of these individuals, and their population. Another important finding was the contamination and preservation hair level. Also a comparison between ancient hair, modern hair and burial soil was made. The Prehispanic samples showed higher concentrations in trace elements related

with the environment, such as aluminum, potassium and silicon; later with the ancient washed hair, the results revealed a higher vegetable food intake than those of contemporary samples; this was principally demonstrated with the magnesium and zinc concentrations in both kinds of samples. 207 Analysis of the Genetic and Historical Context of Two Prehispanic Mummies from México: Phylogeography as an Approach to Complement the Understanding of Past Populations, ANA SERRANO* and MARIEL DURÁN (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. C.P. 14030 México, D.F.; [emailprotected]; [emailprotected]). The study of indigenous populations, whether contemporary or extant, in México and the south of United States is based mainly in three cultural areas defined as Mesoamerica, Aridoamerica and Great Southwest. The analysis of the populations around these areas is mainly supported by their geography, family or linguistic group and cultural traits. But, what about biology? Physical Anthropology, through Phylogeography, allows us to understand the human being from a bio-cultural perspective. This work took as reference this perspective with the purpose of visualize the different relationships between two mummified individuals from south Tamaulipas, discovered by Richard MacNeish during his expeditions between 1955 and 1956, and the relationships of these with other populations from México and the south of United States. We look forward to make a characterization of the mtDNA Haplogroups in prehispanic populations from the north part of México to obtain information that contextualize archaeological and historical data from groups which populated the area to draw different kinds of comparisons. Our results indicated that the most ancient of the mummies belong to Haplogroup A (d13C=-12.82583 ± 38), meanwhile the other belongs to Haplogroup C (d13C=-9.4 870 ± 29). Both mummies differ in their Haplogroup and in their antiquity; there is a gap of almost 2000 years between them. Furthermore, genetically Sample 2 (hap C) is related to populations from north México and south United States. On the other hand Sample 1 (hap A) is associated with populations from the central part and south of México.

Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy

Thursday, starting at 10:30 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 208 Introduction: Studies on an Old Kingdom Mummy, BOB BRIER (C.W. Post Campus, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA; [emailprotected]). Although much has been written about mummification practices in ancient Egypt, little of this deals with mummies of the Old Kingdom. Part of the reason for this lack or research is the relative scarcity of mummies from the Pyramid Age. In the Americas, the only Old Kingdom mummy that we know of is in the Michael C. Carlos Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. A recent exhibition, “Life and Death in the Pyramid Age: The Emory Old Kingdom Mummy” gave us an opportunity to study this mummy, which has never been on display before. This symposium presents the preliminary findings of this study 209 A History of the Oldest Egyptian Mummy in the Americas, PETER LACOVARA1 and BOB BRIER2* (1Michael C. Carlos Museum, Atlanta, GA; 2C.W. Post Campus, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA; [emailprotected]).

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ABSTRACTS – Symposia The Michael C. Carlos Old Kingdom mummy was purchased in the beginning of the 20th century by Emory theology Professor William Arthur Shelton. This paper presents a history of his buying trip, discusses the practice of purchasing mummies, during this period, and then discusses the significance of an Old Kingdom mummy to current mummy studies. 210 Interpreting the Life of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MONIQUE OSIGBEME1*, CHENERE PIERCE RAMSEY2, MALU TANSEY3, JOSHUA ROBINSON4, JOHN KINGSTON4, and ARRI EISEN5 (1Undergraduate Class of 2012, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; 2School of public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; 3School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; 4Anthropology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; 5Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; [emailprotected]). The comprehensive conservation project undertaken in 201011 afforded an unprecedented opportunity to examine, analyze, and document the preserved human remains. Physical evaluation, radiographic imaging, microscopic examination, and stable isotope analysis of the bones and teeth were undertaken to gather clues about the individual’s life and death, including diet and health. A sample from what was presumed to be the brain was studied with the hope of confirming the tissue, typing blood, and obtaining genetic information. 211 Project Update on the Conservation Treatment of the Carlos Museum’s Old Kingdom Mummy, MIMI LEVEQUE1* and RENÉE STEIN2 (1Conservator, Peabody Essex Museum and Archaea Technica Conservation; 2Conservator, Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; mimileveque@msn. com). In preparation for exhibition, the wrappings and remains were examined for evidence of mummification procedures and burial practices.Samples from the linen wrappings and coffin were radiocarbon dated; salts and resins associated with the body were characterized; and the wood species used for the coffin was identified.The weave structures, construction details, and layering methods of the linens were recorded through photographs and drawings. Dust, debris, and old packing materials were gently removed.Through careful manipulation, bones were re-aligned and contoured supports were created to relieve stress on the weak skeleton and fragile wrappings. Linens with extensive insect damage were stabilized and reinforced.Missing sections of the wrappings were fabricated and integrated with the existing ancient wrappings to present a unified appearance for exhibition.

Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies

Thursday, starting at 11:30 a.m. in KIPJ Theatre 212 Introduction: An Overview of the HORUS Study, RANDALL C. THOMPSON (The Mid American Heart Institute and Professor of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO; [emailprotected]). The HORUS study investigators have been provided an exceptional opportunity to investigate the medical history of ancient humans. The generosity of the Egyptian Supreme Council

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of Antiquities and more recently, museums across the US, have allowed the team to delve inside the remains of Egyptian mummies dating as far back as 1981 BCE. In addition to imaging 45 mummies at the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, the team has received the CT images of 13 mummies from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, five from the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, CA, two from the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and one each from the Nelson-Atkins Museum in Kansas City and the Museum of World Treasures in Wichita. Focusing on atherosclerosis, the team found it to be commonplace in ancient Egypt. This finding raises the potential that our current understanding of the etiology of atherosclerosis may be strikingly incomplete. For example, Finch and others have suggested that infection could play an important role. Could atherosclerotic lesions be infectious, analogous to H pylori in the gut? Could it be analogous to rheumatic heart disease, a post inflammatory response to a specific infection or a burden of infections, parasitic, or otherwise, in a less than hygienic ancient environment? Could such a nonhygienic environment over the course of human evolution have stimulated a pleotrophic response - predisposing to a genome effective at fighting infection early in life but reacting against itself within the vessel wall later in life? 213 The HORUS Study – The Hunt for Atherosclerosis, L. SAMUEL WANN (The Wisconsin Heart Hospital, Milwaukee, WI; [emailprotected]). We have previously shown that ancient Egyptians had atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, predictors, and severity of atherosclerosis among ancient Egyptians mummies. We used modern X-ray computed tomography to study 52 ancient Egyptian mummies, searching for evidence of arterial calcification as a marker for cardiovascular (CV) disease. The mummies were selected from a variety of eras and were chosen on the basis of their good state of preservation and the likelihood that CV tissue could be present. Images were interpreted by a consensus of seven imaging physicians and historical data of the individual mummies. Age at the time of death was determined by Egyptologists, preservationists, and an anthropologist from the HORUS investigators. Of the 52 mummies, the mean age at time of death was 38.1 ± 12 y. (17 females, 33 males and 2 undetermined). Identifiable CV tissue was found in 44 mummies, and 20 (45%) of these had either definite atherosclerosis (defined as calcification within the wall of an identifiable artery, n=12) or probable atherosclerosis (defined as calcifications along the expected course of an artery, n=8). The 20 mummies with definite or probable atherosclerosis were older at time of death (mean 45.1 ± 9.2 y) than the mummies with CV tissue but no atherosclerosis (34.5 ±11.8 y), (p80y in healthy countries; the LE70 has also more than doubled. Although the demographics of ancient Eurasia are incompletely documented, life expectancies may be approximated by those of 18th century Sweden and the 20th century Tsimane. The Tsimane are an indigenous forager-farming people of the lowland forest and savannas of Amazonian Bolivia. Thus for ancient Egypt and Greece, the LEo is estimated at about 30y. Those reaching age 30 lived 25 more years, i.e. about 50% less than today. Infections are likely to have been the main cause of death in ancient Egypt as in the Tsimane and other pre-industrial peoples. Nonetheless, advanced atherosclerosis with calcification is documented in Egyptian mummies, e.g. 18th Dynasty, (ca 1550 BCE), and indicated for the Tyrolean Iceman (3300 BCE), estimated to be age 40-50. The apparently premature calcification suggests aging was accelerated, commensurate with the shorter adult life span. Environmental interactions with vascular pathology merit consideration in premature mortality in ancient Egypt, e.g. in modern Europe, cardiovascular pathology increases risk of heart attack during infections and dust storms. A model for ancient Egyptians may be the Tsimane which have LEo of 42 y and prevalent chronic infections with elevated blood C-reactive protein, but few other risk indicators of vascular disease. Comparisons of the meager Tsimane diet with that of ancient Egyptians may give insights about heart disease and rates of vascular aging. 215 Demonstration of Cardiovascular Disease on CT Scans in Egyptian Mummies – Examples from 52 Mummies, RANDALL C. THOMPSON (The Mid America Heart Institute and Professor of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO; rthompson@ cc-pc.com). CT evidence of ancient heart disease has never been described. In ancient Egypt, hearts were often removed during mummification, but the process varied over 3000 years and sometime cardiac structures were left intact. We performed whole body CT scanning on 52 ancient Egyptian mummies (Siemens Emotion 6, GE Lightspeed) systematically looking for cardiovascular diseases. Of the 52 mummies, intact hearts were present in 15, and cardiac remnants were present in 15. Although the cardiac structures were often distorted, in two mummies heavy coronary calcifications were present, a man from the Ptolemaic period circa 2300 years ago (ya), and a woman from the 17th dynasty period, 3550 ya. The coronary calcium score in the former was > 1000 AU. Three other mummies had probable coronary calcifications. Very heavy mitral annular calcifications were found in a woman from the new kingdom period (3150-3350 ya). A woman from the 18th dynasty (3350 ya) had dense calcifications in the inferior left ventricular myocardium highly suggestive of calcified old MI. All of these eight mummies had evidence for generalized atherosclerosis with calcifications in other arterial locations. Mummies with intact hearts were more likely to have atherosclerosis (p